201. Passage II: Read the passages given below and answer the questions No. 28-31
Over the past few years there has been increasing discussion about India and its 'soft power' although the term is often used loosely. State power, according to Nye, is the ability to influenc the behavior of other states in order to secure desired outcomes (Nye 2004). A state can coerce other states with force, threats, and bribes, or induce consent. According to Nye, a country's soft power rests on three main resources: 'its culture (in places where it is attractive to others), its political values (when it lives up to them at home and abroad), and its foreign policies (when others see them as legitimate and having moral authority)' (Nye 2011: 84).
Soft power thus can influence the preferences and behavior of other states through seduction. Moreover, with the diffusion of power and the rising power of non-state actors in the twenty-first century, the use of hard power for economic and even geostrategic gain is often too costly relative to the anticipated gains. A vibrant and open culture, values such as democracy, respect for human ghts, guarantees of a free press, and a foreign policy seen as just are factors that are deeply seductive. However, soft power is largely intangible and hard to ;ape by the policies of govemments. Soft power resources often lie beyond the conhol of govemments and perform their magic indirectly, often taking yeais to bolster a country,s image (Nye 2004; Codevilla 2008).
India's soft-power resources have changed dramatically over the past 25 years, partjcularly since the tum of the century. India has a very old culture, hosted severar of the world,s oldest civilizations, is the birthplace ofHinduism and Buddhism, the home of yoga and of approaches to altemative medicines, contributed the idea of zero, and the decimal system to mathematics, and has made large contributions to other sciences, including astronomy, but these achievements werc unhamessed. More recently, Bolllvood has risen to produce more movies than any other country in the world and has the highest number oftheater admissions, as well as ranking among the top ten countries in tems of box office revenue in US dollars.
Similarly, India's democratic political values, even after lgmonth emergency under Indira Gandhi in the 1970s, are globally attractive. India,s democracy is the largest in the world and has endured despite the country,s lower-middle income status. Indeed, India’s ability to sustain democracy in spite of its economic limitations is particulatly impressive to other developing countries which often find the political models of the industrialized countries remote due to their wealth.
Foreign policy has also formed part of India,s soft power appeal. Indian foreign policy, in the decades after independence, sought to forge a policy that navigated between th; two Cold War superpowers, co-founding the Non-Aligned Movement and becoming a founding member of the United Nations. Though Indian foreign policy by the 1970s was more closely itigned with the Soviet Union, from which it subsequently procured much of its military hardware, it remained active in trying to articulate a policy separate from that of either superpower.
(Source: Rani D. Mullen, .,India,s Soft power,', in The Oxford Handbook of Indian foreign Policy, eds. David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan and S nath Raghavan. 2015. New york: Oxford University Press, p. 190.)
Q. On which of the following attributes is soft power based according to Prof. Joseph Nye? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)
I. Cultural values
II. Political Values
III. Foreign policies
IV. Check-book diplomacy
Choose the correct option from the following: