1. Which of the following best describes a hypothesis? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

2. Answer questions 2 to 7 by examining carefully the table below on the state of toilet facilities in households across select states according to the 2011 Census which the Swachh Bharat Mission is intended to improve.

On an average, what is the percentage of households who have no access to latrine facilities? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

3. Which among these states has the lowest percentage of water closets and pit latrines put together? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

4. While Kerala has the highest percentage and Bihar the lowest when it comes to access to water closets, which of the following states would be the median state when it comes to access to water closets? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

5. Which of these programmes is designed to change the given state of affairs? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

6. What is the total percentage of the population that has access to some form of toilet facilities in the states of Bihar and Maharashtra? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

7. From the table above, can you infer which state would have the highest number of people practicing open defecation? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

8. What is the range for the following set of numbers? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

15.23,48,106,14,13,154,201

9. Given below are the number of wickets taken by players in a recently concluded test series. Examine the list and answer questions 9 and 10 below:

A-15, B-12, C-13, D-15, E-12, F-25, H-11

Who is the outlier bowler? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

10. If we remove the outlier bowler what would be the average number of wickets taken? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

11. Given below is the tax on petrol (dollars per litre) at different points of time. Calculate the % change between 2014 and 2016. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

June 2014: 0.21, January 2016: 0.54, November 2016: 0.53

12. A social science researcher is interested in the relationship between media exposure and political values. She wants to investigate whether social media helps or inhibits our ability to develop independent political values. What would be the dependent variable in the study? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

13. Which of the following is a concept? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

14. What is the main function of a literature review? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

15. Who among the following introduced the concept of 'paradigm'? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

16. According to Weber, which of the given options can be defined as follows: "Conceptual formulations that describe and classify phenomena that approximate empirical probability." (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

17. What is an Unstructured Interview? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

18. In scaling-down comparative research, which of the following research designs is likely to be adopted? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

19. Deductive nomological method of explanation involves (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

20. What is distinctive about Foucault's genealogical method? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

21. Calculate the median of the following numbers: 22,29,34,37,45,48,53,53,66 (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

22. An independent variable is one which is thought to: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

23. Consider the following question posed to inmates of a hostel in a survey: "How satisfied are you with the hygeine and food quality in your hostel?" How would you describe this kind of a question? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

24. Passage I: Read the passages given below and answer the questions No. 24-27

The establishment and growth of liberal parliamentarism and party democracy in India can be read as the consequence of an interactive process between raj liberal refonn measures and nationalist responses to them. Successive generatio"ns of a burgeoning political class acquired a stake in parliamentary institutions and became skillful in deploying them. Among the lessons they learned was learning to lose.

There was a particular division of labor in the building of political institutions. The structures and playbook for parliamentarianism, the vehicle of policy-making and deliberation, were initially supplied by Britain as it introduced legislative councils. However, Indian nationalists supplied the party, the component of the new institutions that would make them democratic.

If Britain provided a parliamentary model and Congress supplied party structure, Nehru and Gandhi, in different ways, articulated a political culture that could sustajn parliamentary institutions. They drew on different normative traditions. Nehru, educated in English political culture, provided a model of parliamentary civility, respect for opponents, restraint on those actions of the ruling party that would unfairly damage the opposition, willingness to observe rules when they were to one's disadvantage.

Gandhi's mode of conducting the nationalist movement complemented and reinforced Nehru's commitment to parliamentary procedure. For Gandhi, these rules, however, arose as much out of the philosophy of satyagraha-respect for the humanity, values, and interests of the opponent, and adherence to non-violence- as out of the British protocols. His adherence to the view that means governed ends, and not the reverse, reinforced the restraints built into the rules of a functioning parliamentary system.

By 1947, the colonial and nationalist experience had equipped India's growing political class with knowledge of parliamentary institutions, electoral processes, and party organization. Starting with the municipal government in the 1870s and extending through the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909, the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 and into the reforms of the Government of India Act of 1935, India's political class learned a good deal about how to operate legislative, electoral and party institutions.

The legislative experience was paralleled by the organizational experience accumulated by Congress, an experience that served it when, at independence, it had to organize itself as a political party. Much of the organization building was the work of Gandhi, whose reputation for spirituality and whose role as architect of civil disobedience tend to obscure his capacities as an organizational genius. In 1920, he transformed the Congress from an institution catering to anglicized elites to a popular organization capable of reaching into the urban lower classes and rural areas. In consequence, Congress emerged at independence with broad experience in popular participation and as a political class capable of deploying wide-reaching networks.

Nevertheless, Congress developed ideas about "loyal opposition" and learning to lose from its own internal governance experience and political rivalries, as well as in its relationship to the British colonial state. The first of the internal battles over strategy, ideology, and leadership that contributed to Congress learning to lose was the split in December of 1905 between the "extremists" and the "moderates." The moderates led by Gokhale prevailed, and Tilak and the "extremists" were expelled. When Gandhi assumed leadership of the Congress in 1920, part of his appeal was his ability to combine the moderates' non-violent means for self-rule with the direct action of the extremists. The various resolutions of the Surat split between the moderates and extremists helped Congress learn to lose by normalizing the practice of dissent and opposition.

Another split occurred in 1922 over the issue of "Council entry," resulting in the formation of the Swaraj Party. When Muslim-Hindu differences erupted in the mid-1920s, the Swaraj Party split (in i 926), with some members joining the Hindu Mahasabha and some rejoining the Congress. Again, as in 1907, the idea and practice of dissent and opposition had been normalized.

Less visible to the public gaze but important for developing a political culture within the Congress that recognized learning to lose were momentous struggles between its pre-eminent leaders, Gandhi and Nehru. The first of these struggles took place in 1927-9 over whether Congress should continue, as Gandhi believed it should,: with the political objective of Dominion Status or, as Nehru advocated, change its objective to puma swaraj, complete independence. The struggle was intense, involving competition for the loyalty of the younger generation. It took place behind the scenes during Congress' annual sessions in December 1927, 1928, and 1929. Gandhi "lost," but in a prudent gesture of conciliation, himself offered the resolution for puma swaraj at the annual session in 1929. The pre-eminent leader of the Congress enacted a visible and exemplary instance of losing to his rival.

This experience and others like it fostered an expectation that dissent and opposition need not be subversive, destabilizing, or destructive. Congress' experience with internal struggles normalized the idea of regulated conflict. Congress' political culture made it possible to rule and be ruled in tum. Losers could acquiesce in their loss because they could expect to become winners.

(Adapted from: "Congress learns to lose: From a one-party dominant to a multiparty system in India", Susanne Hoeber Rudolph and Lloyd L Rudolph, Political Transitions in Dominant Party Systems: Learning to Lose, Edward Friedman and Joseph Wong (eds) New York: Routledge. 15-

41.)

Q. According to the authors of this article, 'learning to lose' contributed to: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

25. Which of the following statements is/are true? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

Statement I: The nature of the colonial experience played a critical part in Indians acquiring a stake in parliamentary institutions.

Statement II: The possibility of realizing the principle of ruling and being ruled in turn was a reality in British ruled India.

26. Which of the following statements is/are true? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

Statement I: In a functioning democracy, winners do not take revenge on their opponents by abusing the powers of their office.

Statement II: In a functioning democracy, losers accept the results of an election that has been adjudged free and fair and consent to be governed by the winners.

27. What are the conclusions one can draw from this passage? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

1. During the colonial rule, one could dissent and oppose and also hold the government accountable.

2. Parties learn and draw from a repertoire of historic experiences and strategies.

3. Dissent and opposition need not always be subversive and destructive.

4. Dissent and opposition challenge were not tolerated within the Congress.

28. Passage II: Read the passages given below and answer the questions No. 28-31

Over the past few years there has been increasing discussion about India and its 'soft power' although the term is often used loosely. State power, according to Nye, is the ability to influenc the behavior of other states in order to secure desired outcomes (Nye 2004). A state can coerce other states with force, threats, and bribes, or induce consent. According to Nye, a country's soft power rests on three main resources: 'its culture (in places where it is attractive to others), its political values (when it lives up to them at home and abroad), and its foreign policies (when others see them as legitimate and having moral authority)' (Nye 2011: 84).

Soft power thus can influence the preferences and behavior of other states through seduction. Moreover, with the diffusion of power and the rising power of non-state actors in the twenty-first century, the use of hard power for economic and even geostrategic gain is often too costly relative to the anticipated gains. A vibrant and open culture, values such as democracy, respect for human ghts, guarantees of a free press, and a foreign policy seen as just are factors that are deeply seductive. However, soft power is largely intangible and hard to ;ape by the policies of govemments. Soft power resources often lie beyond the conhol of govemments and perform their magic indirectly, often taking yeais to bolster a country,s image (Nye 2004; Codevilla 2008).

India's soft-power resources have changed dramatically over the past 25 years, partjcularly since the tum of the century. India has a very old culture, hosted severar of the world,s oldest civilizations, is the birthplace ofHinduism and Buddhism, the home of yoga and of approaches to altemative medicines, contributed the idea of zero, and the decimal system to mathematics, and has made large contributions to other sciences, including astronomy, but these achievements werc unhamessed. More recently, Bolllvood has risen to produce more movies than any other country in the world and has the highest number oftheater admissions, as well as ranking among the top ten countries in tems of box office revenue in US dollars.

Similarly, India's democratic political values, even after lgmonth emergency under Indira Gandhi in the 1970s, are globally attractive. India,s democracy is the largest in the world and has endured despite the country,s lower-middle income status. Indeed, India’s ability to sustain democracy in spite of its economic limitations is particulatly impressive to other developing countries which often find the political models of the industrialized countries remote due to their wealth.

Foreign policy has also formed part of India,s soft power appeal. Indian foreign policy, in the decades after independence, sought to forge a policy that navigated between th; two Cold War superpowers, co-founding the Non-Aligned Movement and becoming a founding member of the United Nations. Though Indian foreign policy by the 1970s was more closely itigned with the Soviet Union, from which it subsequently procured much of its military hardware, it remained active in trying to articulate a policy separate from that of either superpower.

(Source: Rani D. Mullen, .,India,s Soft power,', in The Oxford Handbook of Indian foreign Policy, eds. David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan and S nath Raghavan. 2015. New york: Oxford University Press, p. 190.)

Q. On which of the following attributes is soft power based according to Prof. Joseph Nye? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. Cultural values

II. Political Values

III. Foreign policies

IV. Check-book diplomacy

Choose the correct option from the following:

29. The employment of hard power for economic and geo-strategic gains is paying less due to: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

30. On the basis of the above passage how do you asses India's foreign policy in the decades after independence? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

31. What according to this passage are the sources of India's soft power? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

32. Passage III: Read the passages given below and answer the questions No. 32-35

Since politics is talk, political skill requires wit, and politicians are remembered for their phrases. Winston Churchill is remembered both for the speeches which articulated 'the lion's roar' during the Second World War and for a string of witticisms, some of them malicious, like his description of Clement Atlee as 'a sheep in a sheep's clothing.' Lincoln's political success came from his wisdom, but it is hard to imagine his political skill without his dazzling oratbry...That culture has been destroyed by the trivialising effect of radio and television, which provide such abundant distraction for the mind that politics must be fitted into a much smaller space, the 'sound bite.' The sound bite belongs to the simplified world of the slogan and the banner, but this does not diminish the need of the politician for the phrase maker. In modem democracies, a politician is a spokesman for some broadly based opinion, and what he or she hopes to become is the holder of an office. Spokesmanship and office are the polarities within which the men and women who go in for politics must live, and each reveals much about politics. Spokesmanship is representation, and modem government must be conducted by the representatives rather than by the citizens themselves because legislative enactments, often hundreds of pages long are too complicated to be mastered without unusual skill and attention. But the representative function of the politician begins long before policies emerge. It is the skill of constructing a position that will harmonize conflicting desires. The superficial critic of politicians can see the vagueness and indeterminacy which are certainly often necessary for this, but generally fails to appreciate the trick of finding some essence of an issue that can unite different opinions. A skillful politician resembles the magician in his capacity to set an object before the mind of one audience while keeping it invisible to others, sometimes in the same hall. Simple minded rationalists sometimes stigmatize this characteristic of politicians as nothing but support-seeking duplicity, and journalists have taken to 'decoding' their speeches and disclosing the supposed 'message' behind the words. Better understood, this technique is the tact which allows people with very different judgments and preferences to live together in one society...

The politician is also circumscribed by the responsibilities of his office. The raw brutalities of power are largely converted into the suavities of authority, and it is important to distinguish these two phenomena. The outsider is often impressed by the power of those who hold important positions in the state, but power, while attractive as a kind of melodrama, is mostly exaggerated. The office of the prime minister or president is constitutionally limited, and idealists quickly find that their capacity to improve the world requires whole streams of concessions they would prefer not to make. As Harry Truman remarked: 'About the biggest power the President has is the power to persuade people to do what they ought to do without having to be persuaded'. The power of an office is merely the skill by which a ruler can use his authority to get the right things done. Otherwise, when people talk of 'power', they merely mean the pleasure an office holder may get from a purely personal exercise of the will, which is basically a trivial thing. Most trivial of all is the pleasure in being the constant focus of attention in public places, and the capacity to please-but also frustrate-the ambitious people by whom the politician is surrounded. It can no doubt be exploited for illicit purposes.

(Source: Kenneth Minogue, Politics: A Very Short Introduction)

Q. Which of the following correctly captures the author's counsel? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

33. Which of the following applies to idealists? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

34. What do ordinary people think of holding power?  (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

35. The pleasure of holding office may come from (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

36. A party whip ensures that (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

37. Which is the correct chronological order for the following? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. Chernobyl nuclear accident

II. Bhopal gas tragedy

III. Fukushima nuclear accident

IV. Hiroshima bomb dropping

38. The term 'Balkanization' means (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

39. Ecocentricism is a belief in (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. Anthropocentric attitude

II. Nature-centredness

III. More human interaction

IV. Nature-human egalitarianism

40. Match the countries to the electoral systems that they follow: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

41. Match the following scholars with the approaches they deployed in comparative politics: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

42. While presenting a critique of Neorealism, who made the case for 'Subaltern Realism'? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

43. Arrange the following in chronological order, starting with the earliest: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. End of the Apartheid in South Africa

II. Rhodes Must Fall Protests

III. Jasmine Revolution of Tunisia

IV. Tiananmen Square Protests

44. Match the following titles of books to the names of the corresponding authors: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

45. Which of the following statements are true? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. Human Rights are universal but are alienable by respective States.

II. Human Rights are limited to the arenas of civil and p'olitical but not socio-cultural.

III. The global human rights regime is based on national implementation of international norms.

IV. The International Bill ofHuman Rights provides an authoritative list of interdependent, indivisible and universal human rights.

46. According to W.W. Rostow, every country has to pass through five stages of economic development: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. Traditional Society

II. Drive to Maturity

III. Pre-conditions of take-off

IV. Take off

V. High Mass Consumption

Which of the following options has a correct order of the five stages?

47. According to Karl W. Deutsch_______is the ability to act in response to forecasts of future consequence in communication theory. Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

48. States obey international law due to: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

49. Match correctly the items from List x (Countries) with items from List y (Foreign Policies): (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

50. Which of the following is true about the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) formed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

51. Who propounded the theory of the 'emergence, development and collapse of civilizations' in the field of Foreign Policy Analysis? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

52. Which of the following is true about 'provincial darwinism' in India? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

53. Which of the following best captures the phenomenon of 'silent revolution' in India? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

54. Which of the fol1owing is considered to be one of the defining features of  'political society' in India? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

55. In the literature on politics of territorial/border change in India which of the following statements holds true? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

56. Which of the following makes Indian Supreme Court judges 'embedded negotiators' in dispensing justice? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

57. In the era of coalitions, the idea of 'from hegemony to convergence' in India's party system means that: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

58. Who among the following is a famous sophist? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

59. Who was the author of Vindication of the Rights of Man? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

60. Who among the following distinguished between work, labour and action? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

61. John Rawls's 'original position' refers to (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

62. The term 'Asana' in Kautilya refers to (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

63. Who among the following is a conservative feminist? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

64. According to Habermas, the paradigmatic example of communicative action is a: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

65. Who has given the Mixed Scanning model of Decision Making? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

66. Which of the following assumptions come under McGregor's Theory Y: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. Work can be as natural as play and rest

II. People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives ifthey are committed to them

III. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs such as self-fulfillment

IV. Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population

67. According to Paul Sabatier and Daniel Mazmanian, which one of the following is an important condition for the successful implementation of a public policy? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

68. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. R. Elmore - Backward Mapping Approach

II. H.E. Aldrich and S. Mindlin - Power Dependency Approach

III. Eugene Bardach - The Implementation Game

69. Likert Scale is used for measuring (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

70. Which of the following are the works of Abraham Maslow? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2020)

I. Toward a Psychology of Being

II. The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance

III. Eupsychian Management: A Journal

IV. The Farther Reaches of Human Nature

V. The New State