1. Which of the following statement or statements is/are acceptable? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

a. In deduction we infer particular from general.

b. In deduction we infer general from particular.

c. In deductive arguments, conclusion is said to follow from its premisses with necessity.

d. In deductive arguments, conclusion is said to follow from its premises contingently.

2. Read the following arguments and choose the correct option from below: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

3. "Hermeneutic circle" refers to (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

4. Of the three basic functions of language - expressive, directive, and informative – which ones are mainly served by the examples given below? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

i. "If your parents or someone else can claim you as a dependent in their Return form, then check the box on line 33 on page 6."

ii. "Lawyers are sort of people whose profession it is to disguise matters."

iii. "The easternmost point of land in the US as well as the northernmost point and the westernmost point is in Alaska."

5. One of the following is not associated with positivism (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

6. G W F Hegel's philosophical method involved developing Ideas rather than mere concepts because (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

7. A proposition is knowable a priori when (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

8. Historicism is (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

9. In Hobbes' method, 'laws of nature' are (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

10. Consider the following statement: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

"Drinking a cup of tea, sitting on a mat next to each other, in moments of remembering pain and sadness, holding hands and comforting each other, all played roles in creating a narrative I wanted to bring back to my analysis."

What does this exemplify on part of the researcher?

11. 'Interpretivism' and ' Identities' figure most prominently in the theoretical debates on (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

12. Which of the following is involved in archival research (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

13. Discourse analysis can include the following (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

14. While the 'old' institutional approaches focused simply on the formal and structural aspects of institutions, the 'newer' institutional approaches consider (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

i. The actual behaviour of institutions

ii. What results from procedures

iii. Rigorous analysis of institutions

iv. Individual choices on institutional rule

15. One of the following is a system of classification by which states, institutions, processes, political cultures etc. are divided into groups with common sets of attributes (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

16. Discourse analysis can include the following (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

17. 'Criminality is likely to be lower in constituencies constitutionally reserved for protected minorities and in indirectly elected bodies, where caste divisions are less salient' . What is the dependent variable in this hypothesis? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

The course on contemporary India allows a maximum enrolment of five students. The results of four batches of students who were given identical quizzes were as follows. Read the table below and answer the questions 18 and 19 that follow.

18. Which batch scored better on average? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

19. Which batch had more consistent scores? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

20. Data shows that over the past several hundred years there is an inverse relationship between piracy and global temperature. The more the pirates, the lower the temperature and vice versa. Evaluate the two statements given below. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

Statement A: The decline of piracy in high seas has caused global warming.

Statement B: The rise and spread of industrialism has increased global warming and reduced the incentives for piracy.

21. The number of complaints received by a telephone company over 10 days is given in the table below. The average number of complaints per day was 39. What would be the average if the outlier is removed? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

22. Find the most appropriate conclusions after reading the following statements. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

Statement A: Ordinal Data groups information into categories that do not have implicit ranking.

Statement B: Nominal Data groups information into categories with an implicit order.

23. Match the following logical fallacies with their appropriate meaning (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

24. Passage I: Read the following passages carefully and answer questions 24-27.

The term ecology was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Derived from the Greek word oikos, meaning household or habit, he uses it to refer to 'the investigations ofthe total relations of the animal both to its organic and its inorganic environment'. Since the early years of the twentieth century, ecology has been recognised as a branch of biology that studies the relationship among living organisms and their environment. It has, however, been converted increasingly into a political term by the use made of it, especially since the 1960s, by the growing green movement.

As a political ideology, ecologism is based on the beliefthat the nature is an interconnected whole,

embracing humans, non-humans, as well as the inanimate world. This has encouraged ecologists to question (but not necessarily reject) the anthropocentric, human-centered, thinking of conventional political ideologies, allowing them to come up with new ideas about, among other things, economics, morality and social organisation. Nevertheless, there are different strains and tendencies within ecologism. Some ecologists are committed to 'shallow' ecology (sometimes viewed as environmentalism, rather than ecologism), which attempts to harness the lessons of ecology to human ends and needs, and embraces a 'modernist' or reformist approach to environment change. 'Deep' ecologists, on the other hand, completely reject any lingering belief that human species is in some way superior to, or more important than, any other species. Moreover, ecologism has drawn from a variety of other ideologies, notably socialism, anarchism and feminism, thereby acknowledging that the relationship between humankind and nature has an important social dimension. Each of these approaches to the environment offers a different model of the ecologically viable society of the future.

(Source: Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies, Palgrave Macmillan, NY, 2017: 251)

Q. What does ecologism deal with? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

25. Anthropocentric thinking is about (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

26. What does 'shallow' ecology deal with? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

27. Which of the following does 'deep ecology' accept? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

28. Passage II: Read the following passages carefully and answer questions 28-31

The Self-respecters' desire to found a community of rational, fraternal, freedom-loving citizens, equal and coeval with each other in every imaginable way was propelled forward by their conviction in the principle of what they habitually termed samadharma. Samadharma constituted the founding principle of the new republic they imagined and was conceived as a refutation of Manudharma. Samadharma assumed equality amongst men and between men and women as a given but, more important, it required that this equality be realized in and through an affirmation of each individual's self-respect.

The Self-Respecters were aware of the difficulties that stood in their way of achieving a social utopia animated by samadharma. For, the idea of samadharma was not available as a norm or a given towards which one may move; neither was it a pre-defined value that could be assumed at will by those who wished to live by it. It was an ideal that had to be constructed in and through acts of defiance and subversion of caste, religion-and reflections on these acts. In almost every instance; the Self-Respecters had to interpret and re-interpret the significance of these acts, and propose to an eager but bewildered constituency new ideas, new notions, different ways of seeing, hearing and being; in short, they had to cultivate and nurture a veritable new structure of feeling.

The Self-Respecters' ideal of samadharma then may be best understood as an idea-in-process; one that was never entirely grounded, either on the basis of a simple contradiction, such as, for instance, between brahrnins and non-brahrnins, or in antagonisms between rich and poor, capitalist and labourer, or landlord and worker. However, the fact that the principle of samadharma was left theoretically open-ended does not, of course, mean the application ofthis principle in practice was vague or ineffectual. The Self-Respecters at different times and contexts identified the ideal of samadharma with a set of clearly defined material attributes which they held ought to characterize the good society. Thus, the achievement ofproportional (communal) representation in the services, the evolution of common and shared rights of access-to public and sacral spaces, to property, education, employment -to all sections of the populace and the reorganization of society's social and economic life on the basis of socialist principles came to be acknowledged as valuable and desired material correlates of the principle of samadharma.

It must be noted here that for the Self-Respecters, samadharma was not merely the Tamil, local

equivalent of socialism, both as a term of reference and as a concept. On the other hand, though,

socialism existed as an aspect, an inalienable aspect of samadharma. The equality and sell-worth the Self-Respecters desired to instil and cultivate in countless non-brahmin hearts and minds required not merely the dawning of a new age of economic equality and public ownership of property, but the fulfilment of a millenarian dream, whereby caste society in its entirety and in all its complex ways of being, would be transformed.

The Self-Respecters' deployment of the term 'samadharma' was distinctive and differed, for instance, from M. Singarave1u's use and interpretation of the word. Singaravelu noted that only in the Tamil country had the word 'samadharma' been endowed with a socialist resonance and edge. He pointed out that in the context of Hindu thought, dharma, as defined in the Gita, for ex- ample, implied the performance of duties assigned to the caste of one's birth. The Buddha had however used the term to refer to a thing, to sheer materiality (vastu). If one were to understand the present import of the term in the context of the Buddha's use, one would see how it meant the 'ownership of property in common' (Pu 4.3.34). Amongst others who sought out Buddhist origins for samadharma, as a word and as an ideal, was the Buddhist scholar and long-time friend of the nonBrahmin movement, Professor Lakshminarasu. In an address delivered at a meeting of the South Indian Buddhist Association, he noted that the moral-spiritual basis for countering Hinduism 'which is inseparable from the brahmin (and who, in turn, is plagued by untouchability), can be had only in the creed of the Buddha, which, he declared, was the oldest samadharmic creed in existence. Buddha dharma which, historically, had resisted Hinduism and its brahmin priesthood, would alone enable Self-Respecters attain their ideals of self-respect and samadharma, in this instance socialism (KA 29.3.31).

{Geetha, V., Klta, V., & Rajaturai, E. V. (1998). Towards a Non-Brahmin Millennium: From Iyothee Thass to Periyar. Bhatkal & Sen. pp. 420-422}

Q. The authors argue that historically- (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

29. Singaravelu's reading of samadharma as socialism may be called (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

30. For the Self Respecters, the realization of the idea of samadharma implied (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

I. Acknowledgement of material co-relates

II. Interpretation and reinterpretation of the idea

III. Understanding samadharma as an ideal, rather than a norm or pre-fixed value

IV. Making samadbarma a moral-spiritual basis of countering Hinduism

31. Samadharma was conceived as a refutation of (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

32. Passage III: Read the following passages carefully and answer questions 32-35

I have two reasons for describing the equal right of all men to be free as a natural right; both of them were always emphasized by the classical theorists of natural rights. (1) This right is one which all men have if they are capable of choice; they have it qua men and not only if they are members of some society or stand in some special relation to each other. (2) This right is not created or conferred by men's voluntary action; other moral rights are. Of course, it is quite obvious that my thesis is not as ambitious as the traditional theories of natural rights; for although on my view all men are equally entitled to be free in the sense explained, no man has an absolute or unconditional right to do or not to do any particular thing or to be treated in any particular way; coercion or restraint of any action may be justified in special conditions consistently with the general principle. So my argument will not show that men have any right (save the equal right of all to be free) which is "absolute," "indefeasible," or "imprescriptible." This may for many reduce the importance of my contention, but I think that the principle that all men have an equal right to be free, meagre as it may seem, is probably all that the political philosophers ofthe liberal tradition need have claimed t o support any program of action even if they have claimed more. But my contention that there is this one natural right may appear unsatisfying in another respect; it is only the conditional assertion that ifthere are any moral rights then there must be this one natural right. Perhaps few would now deny, as some have, that there are moral rights; for the point ofthat denial was usually to object to some philosophical claim as to the "ontological status" of rights, and this objection is now expressed not as a denial that there are any moral rights but as a denial of some assumed logical similarity between sentences used to assert the existence of rights and other kinds of sentences. But it is still important to remember that there may be codes of conduct quite properly termed moral codes (though we can of course say they are "imperfect") which do not employ the notion of a right, and there is nothing contradictory or otherwise absurd in a code or morality consisting wholly of prescriptions or in a code which prescribed only what should be done for the realization of happiness or some ideal of personal perfection. Human actions in such systems would be evaluated or criticised as compliances with prescriptions or as good or bad, right or wrong, wise or foolish, fitting or unfitting, but no one in such a system would have, exercise, or claim rights, or violate or infringe them. So those who lived by such systems could not of course be committed to the recognition of the equal right of all to be free; nor, I think (and this is one respect in which the notion ofa right differs from other moral notions), could any parallel argument be constructed to show that, from the bare fact that actions were recognized as ones which ought or ought not to be done, as right, wrong, good or bad, it followed that some specific kind ofconduct fell under these categories.

{Hart, H. L. A. (2017). Are There any Natural Rights? In Theories of rights (pp. 61-77). Routledge.}

Q. According to the author a right may not be considered a natural right if the person to have this right is- (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

33. Which of the following statements are true in the light of the passage? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

I. Traditional theorists of natural rights argue that natural rights are absolute and indefensible.

II. Classical theorists of natural rights argue that men have natural rights just by the virtue of the fact that they are men.

III. The author argues that natural rights may be justifiably coerced or restrained under special conditions.

IV. The author argues that men have natural rights because they are not created by voluntary action, but possessed by virtue of being men.

34. In a prescriptive moral code what would be the status of rights? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

35. The relationship between moral rights and necessity of natural rights is (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

36. Historical Materialism is (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

37. Aristotle departs from Plato's thought because of his (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

38. What does the word 'artha' in the title Arthashastra denote? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

39. John Rawls is a (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

40. The doctrine of Nishkama karma (desireless action) enunciated in the Mahabharata means (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

41. Consider the following statements: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

I. The ring of Gyges occurs in Plato's Republic

II. Aristotle critiqued Plato's theory of Forms

III. Marx defended Christianity in the Holy Family

IV . Hobbes defended the right to civil disobedience

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

42. In The Prince, Machiavelli argued that (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

43. Ecocentrism is a belief in (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

I. Anthropocentric attitude

II. Nature-centredness

III. Nature-human egalitarianism

IV. More interaction among people

44. Match the following countries with the type of revolutions (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

45. The term 'Balkanization' means (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

46. Rational choice explanations adhere to the principle of (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

47. The immediate post-2nd World War reconstruction and development in UK drew on the ideas of (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

48. Consociationalism is a form of government that emphasizes power-sharing through guaranteed group representation. The concept of consociationalism is best associated withwhich of the following scholars. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

49. Match the following authors and their books (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

50. Indeed, political parties in rural West Bengal largely transcended caste, religion or ethnicity based organisations, which have a greater salience in struggles for social justice in other parts of the country. Consequently, here all types of disputes (familial, social or cultural) took little time to assume partisan forms. This was poss 'ble due to the popular acceptance of political parties as moral guardians not only in the public life of the society but also in the private lives ofthe families ...Conditions such as these have produced in rural West Bengal a specific form of sociability of "party-society". Party-society, therefore, is the specific form of political society in West Bengal's countryside. With which of the following scholars is the concept of "Party Society" best associated with? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

51. Match the following concepts with the scholars they are best associated with (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

52. The party asked the BJP-Ied central government not to bring the three farm bills in Parliament until "all reservations" expressed by farmers were "duly addressed". When the Centre did not pay heed, the party suggested that the bills be sent to a select committee. This too was not accepted. Thereafter, the minister from the party resigned from the Union Cabinet in protest against the bills in 2020. Which is the party being referred to in this paragraph? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

53. Match the books with their authors. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

54. Which of the following set of reasons does Gunnar Mydral advance in his book Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations (1968) to call India a "soft state"? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

55. According to Rob Jenkins, which of these factors blunted resistance to economic reforms in India in the 1990s? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

56. Find the most appropriate conclusions after reading the following statements. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

Statement A: The Governor may return a bill presented for assent with a message

requesting the House/Houses to reconsider the bill or any specific provisions in the bill

Statement B: Bills reserved by the Governor for the assent of the President need to be

returned to the state legislature within a period of twenty days.

57. With reference to the concept of "power" in International Relations, match the following: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

58. Which theorist emphasizes a structural analysis in International Relations? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

59. Which theorist has coined the term 'the development of underdevelopment'? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

60. Nonalignment refers to an approach by Third World countries in international politics that (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

61. __________is defined as political orientations and attitudes held by individuals in relation to their political system. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

62. Match the following books with their authors. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

63. The Second Great Debates in International Relations was between: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

64. Match the following scholars with the concept they are best associated with (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

65. Given below are four public policy frameworks paired with possible key components. Which one of these frameworks is correctly paired with its key components? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

66. Administration is the type of cooperative human effort that has a high degree of rationality. With which of the following scholars would you associate this definition of administration? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

67. Which of the following innovations are associated with the public employment programme Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

a. Universal rights-based approach

b. Well-defined terms and conditions of employment

c. Focus on Natural Resource Management and shock responsiveness

d. Decentralised planning and administration

68. The theory of veto players is best associated with (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

69. Which of these statements is/are true? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

I. When it comes to women in legislatures, India is in the bottom group of nations in the world

II. The share of women in legislative assemblies in India is higher than that of their representation in parliament.

III. India has higher representation of women in public life as compared to many countries in Africa and Latin America

70. Find the most appropriate conclusions after reading the following statements. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2022)

Statement A: Dynastic politics subverts democratic ideals and is a symptom of weak party organisation.

Statement B: Dynastic and family ties have acted as a channel of representation for women, backward castes and Muslims m India.