1. Are the following arguments examples of analogical arguments? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

(i) "A man ought no more to value himself for being wiser than a woman, if he owes his advantage to a better education, than he ought to boast of his courage for beating a man when his hands were bound."

(ii) "Unfortunately, the diary of H.L. Mencken reveals a man who is shockingly antiSemitic and racist, to the point where his stature as a giant of American letters may be in danger.... Richard Wagner was a virulent anti-Semite. One can still listen to Wagner's opera and appreciate their artistic beauty. The work is separated from the man. Or is it?"

2. Match the types of individualism and the corresponding definitions/descriptions (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

3. Who distinguished science from non-science based on falsification? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

4. Which of the following is true about the reorganisation of Indian states? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

5. If a ' mean-spirited analysis' were to be used as a comparative method to understand how welfare politics works in the three Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh, which of the following holds true? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

6. Are the following arguments examples of ambiguity amounting to fallacy? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

(i) "Seeing that eye and hand and foot and everyone ofour members have some obvious function, must we not believe that in like manner a human being has a function over and above these particular functions?"

(ii) "The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible is that people actually see it. The only proof that a sound is audible is that people hear it: and so, of the other sources of our experience. In like manner. ..the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable is that people actually desire it."

7. Which of the following are logically valid arguments? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

(i) "Some reformers are fanatics, so some idealists are fanatics, since all reformers are idealists."

(ii) "No weaklings are labour leaders, because no weaklings are true liberals, and all labour leaders are true liberals."

8. Which of the following approaches is associated with J.L. Austin for the study of intellectual cultures? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

9. Which of the following are causal relations and which are merely correlations? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

(i) Relation between number of hours worked and wages earned in a pro-rata system of payment.

(ij) Relation between the price of a commodity and a person's ability to buy it at constant income.

(iii) Relation between smoking and the risk of lung cancer.

(iv) Relation between smoking and alcoholism.

10. "The meanings available to authors depend on the ways of thinking, writing, or speaking that exist in their communities." Such an approach to reading a text is associated with (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

11. Match the following terms (x) with their definitions (y): (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

12. The last stage of the dialectical method is described as (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

13. When it is argued that Hobbes 's social contract situation is not 'like a single shot prisoner's dilemma but more like a self-interested agreement where the optimal strategy is to fulfill the agreement,' the interpretive method stems from (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

14. What conclusion would you draw after reading the two statements? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

Statement A: Percentile tells you the rank of an individual compared to the rest of the population.

Statement B: The 50th percentile is the median and tells us the value that separates the population into two equal halves .

15. Which of the following theoretical approaches, according to one interpretation, has at its core "epistemologies in action" that can be understood through "empiricism", "standpoint" and "postmodernism"? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

16. In terms of scientific rigour which of the following is the considered to be the most powerful. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

17. A researcher wants to study the impact of Covid-19 on learning outcomes. The researcher first sampled the states, then within states sampled districts, then within districts sampled towns and then then finally within towns sampled children between the ages of 10-15. This is an example of (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

18. The number of traffic police in a city and the number of traffic related offences are positively correlated. This is an example of a (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

19. A researcher studies at regular intervals the same set of respondents from the time they began college till they reached the age of 50. This is an example of (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

20. Etlmomethodology deals with the following theme: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

21. Hermeneutics typically involve one of the data-gathering techniques: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

22. Interpretivism is based on the critique of (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

23. Passage 1: Read the passages given below and answer the questions No. 23-27

Between the atom bomb dropping on Hiroshima and the fall of the Berlin Wall, planning stalked the global policy landscape. Far from being an Indian oddity, it drew legitimacy from an international push during the Second World war, spilling over into transnational planning moment in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Varying combinations of planning, protectionism, and state-led democratic development were coming to be fused with anti-imperialism and the fight against the perceived threat of neo-colonialism. The economist Lionel Robbins recognized the link between disintegrating empires and planning. To him, as one historian put it, decolonization and platming were ' structurally reinforcing' . Even outside the command economies of China and the Soviet Union, plans and planning bodies were to be found in far-flung nations - from South Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Malaysia in East Asia to France, Mexico and Argentina in the Western hemisphere to Ghana, Sudan and Tanzania in Africa. By 1965, thirty-five African nations had development plans. Observing the 'very ubiquity of development plans', one economist wrote that African states, including those with conservative governments, saw 'economic platming as a logical historical development from the independence effort'. Another remarked that during the 1960s in Africa, ' ''having a plan" became almost a sine qua non of political independence' . A historian of development corroborates this observation, writing of the 1950s and 1960s: 'development concepts, however different their details, shared a faith in the state as an actor and in planning as a method, making it tempting to describe the history of development as a history of planning' . In those midcentury decades, planning represented a spectrum of statist economic arrangements rather than specific policies. It was seemingly applicable across totalitarian regimes, social democracies, and welfare states. Significantly, though, unlike in communist USSR and China, there were hard limits to the state's power in democratic India. Planning would have to be done differently here. (Source: Menon, Nikhil (2022), Planning Democracy: How a Professor, An Institute and An Idea Shaped India, Gurugram: Viking by Penguin Random House India, pp. xxii xxiii.)

Q. What does the passage best imply (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

24. According to the passage, planning was practiced in (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

25. Passage implies that planning was considered to be an essential condition of political freedom in (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

26. State-centric economic planning was seen in (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

27. Economic Planning has its roots tracing back to (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

28. Passage 2: Read the passages given below and answer the questions No. 28-31

Democratic participation is generally considered a political virtue unto itself. But patiicipatory governance claims to offer even more; it is seen to contribute to the development of communication skills, citizen empowerment, and community capacity-building. First, with regard to' citizen competence and empowerment, the practices of participatory governance contribute to human development generally, both intellectual and emotional. Empowerment through participation has, as such, been part of the progressive educational curriculum and numerous citizen-based deliberative projects bear out its influence on personal development (Joss 1995; Dryzek 2008).

Many NGOs engaged with the practices of participatory governance, in particular in the developing world, speak of "people's self-development" and empowerment as primary goals, emphasizing, political rights, social recognition, and economic redistribution in the development of participatory approaches (Ralunan 1995). Rather than merely speaking for poor or marginalized citizen's interests and issues, they have labored to assist people develop their own abilities to negotiate with public policy-makers. Beyond institutionalizing new bodies of clients or user groups, they have created new opportunities for dialogue and the kinds of citizen education that it can facilitate, especially communicative skills.

Finally, question of participation and competence also bear directly on the issue of capacity building. Capacity-building, as the development of a community's ability to deal collectively with the problems that it confronts, can contribute to a sense of social togetherness: Rather than the relative passive role of the individual associated with traditional conceptions of citizen participation, participatory governance helps to connect and enable competent individuals in local communicates build together the kinds of "social capital" needed for joint problem-solving (Putnam 2000). It does this in part by building social trust and the kinds of mutual understanding that it can facilitate.

(David Levi-Faur, (2012), The Oxford Handbook of Governance, Oxford University Press, pp. 459-60)

Q. In the context of participatory governance, the citizen competence and empowerment in general leads to (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

29. Which of the following organizations have created new opportunities for dialogue and the kinds of citizen education that it can facilitate, especially communicative skills? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

30. What is the purpose of social capital in the passage? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

31. What is the suitable title to the above passage? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

32. Passage 3: Read the passages given below and answer the questions No. 32-35

The distinction between the two types of comparison - often referred to respectively as 'largeN' (many cases) and 'small-N' (few cases) research - highlights the different ways in which political scientists can confront the problem of how best to test theories ('replicate results') in the absence of our own 'laboratory' . There are formidable problems in properly testing political science generalizations in a stubbornly complex world. However, there are two reasons why these problems cannot be avoided. First, if political science is to generate general propositions about political life, there is no alternative to comparison. Here the discipline is divided between those who believe that universal 'covering laws' governing political behaviour exist, and can in time be identified, and those who believe that social phenomena are either too unpredictable and contingent to be explained in terms of such laws, or too complex and immeasurable for such laws to be identified were they to exist. The former position has gained ground over the past two decades, with a growth in the use of formal modelling and advanced econometrics in leading political science departments, although evidence of significant predictive progress remains contested.

A second and less obvious reason for comparison is that it is necessary to assess the validity of our interpretations of specific or even unique political phenomena. There may be any number of different explanations of a single phenomenon, and choosing between them requires the theoretical underpinnings of each explanation to be assessed, and if possible, tested comparatively.

(Source: Theory and Methods in Political Science (3 rd edn.), (2010), eds. David Marsh and Gerry Stoker, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 289-90).

Q. In the beginning of the passage, the author implies that different comparative methods have helped political scientists in (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

33. According to the author, if political science is to generate general propositions about political life (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

34. The growth in the use of formal modelling and advanced econometrics in leading political science departments points towards (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

35. Comparative testing is required for (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

36. According to J S Mill, liberty of opinion is valuable and no opinion may be suppressed because (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

i. If the opinion is right, we are deprived of exchanging error for truth

ii. If the opinion is wrong, we are deprived of a clearer perception of truth

iii. We attain infallibility through expressing diverse opinions

iv. We attain greater clarity when true and false opinions clash

37. 'Enclave Economy and national capitalist are responsible for underdevelopment in the Third World region.' This statement can be attributed to (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

38. State-centred analysis in comparative politics highlights (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

39. Which one of the following statements correctly describes the Fifth and Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

40. Which of the following is correct about the Pearson correlation coefficient (r)? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

41. Which among these may be identified as a central feature of John Locke's political thinking? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

42. Match the following scholars with theories they are associated with Scholars Theories (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

43. The 'standpoint' theory is associated with (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

44. The argument of fear is associated with which of the following landmark cases? In this case the Supreme Court appeared to be more concerned about the future especially in terms of the constitution amending potential of the government. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

45. Match the following theoretical frameworks with core contents. (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

46. Who among the following characterised the nature of the Indian nationalist elite ' s power as 'dominance without hegemony' ? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023) (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

47. The term 'anrsarpsya', as used in the Mahabharata, means (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

48. For Neo-Realist IR scholars drawing upon Kenneth Waltz, which of the following is not required for testing a theory: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

49. Consider the following scenarios: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

I. "a situation in which states' action taken to ensure their own security, threaten the security of other states"

II. "a self-help system requires that [states] prepare for the worst. .. [but] can be solved through the development of norms and institutions"

III. "one or more states' power being used to balance that of another state of group of states"

IV. "any ratio of power capabilities between states or alliances"

Which of the above refer to the concept of "security dilemma"?

50. According to WW Rostow's economic growth theory, every country passes stages of (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

I. Traditional society

II. Precondition of take-off

III. Take off

IV. Drive to maturity

V. Age of mass consumption

Choose the correct sequence

51. From Mobilization to Revolution is authored by which of the following scholars (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

52. The value of a vote of a Member of Parliament for the election of the President of India is determined by dividing the (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

53. When candidates eligible under affirmative action provisions successfully compete with the general pool, there is no decrease in the number of available reserved seats. The compelling logic behind this position is (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

1. It would not be politically prudent to fiddle with seat ratios.

2. The right is an individual right and if some members have gained parity, it should not affect other members of the group.

3. The seats reserved are fixed and they cannot be changed once declared

54. Which of the following is the primary method for comparing alternative policies in terms of their efficiency impact? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

55. Who among the following has written the book Evaluating Public Policy? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

56. The Buddha argued against the caste system in which of the following Sutta? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D. 2023)

57. What conclusion would you draw after reading the two statements? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

Statement A : A republic is governed by rule of law and the not rule of men or women.

Statement B: Rule of law implies that the laws apply to everyone in the state.

58. Use of terms like Samajik Dhana Sanchaya (social accumulation of wealth) and Adim Dhana Sanchaya (primitive accumulation of wealth) for a synthesis of Hinduism and Marxism may be attributed to which thinker? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

59. What is the basic focus of the book Reinventing Government by David E. Osborne and Ted Gaebler? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

60. The concept of ' crisis of governability' is associated with (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

61. 'Common but differentiated responsibilities' is the key principle in India's (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

62. Match the following: (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

63. In a post-materialist value orientation, one of the following is less important than the others (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

64. According to Almond and Verba, in the 'parochial political culture' (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

65. Which of the following differentiates NITI Aayog from its predecessor, the Planning Commission (PC) of India? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

66. Which of the following best explains the nature of Indian secularism? (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

67. Choose the right option for the correct chronological order (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

I. Fukushima Nuclear Disaster

II. Brexit

III. Collapse of Berlin Wall

IV. Hong Kong Lease Ends

68. Neo-functionalism best explains (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

69. De Cive is the shorter title of the Latin work by (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)

70. Carole Pateman's feminist interpretation of Hobbes's social contract is unique because (University of Hyderabad Ph.D 2023)