Bihar PGT 2023 - Political Science Coaching Centre

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S. H. Sarkar

Bihar PGT

Bihar PGT 2023

1 / 80

1. The historical theory of rights maintains that rights are the result of (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) God’s will

(B) evolutionary process

(C) revolutions

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

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2. Hobbes quoted Cicero saying, “Take away the Civil Law and no man knows what is his own and what is another man’s”, to describe the (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) civil liberty

(B) state of nature

(C) authority of the king

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

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3. Which one of the following is the best safeguard of liberty? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Sanctions of the society

(B) Positive opposition in the Legislature

(C) Independent judiciary

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

An independent judiciary is a cornerstone of a functioning democracy and is essential for safeguarding liberty. Here's an explanation of why an independent judiciary is crucial for protecting individual freedoms:

1. Checks and Balances
An independent judiciary serves as a check on the other branches of government (executive and legislative). By interpreting and enforcing laws, courts ensure that no branch exceeds its authority or infringes on individual rights. This system of checks and balances prevents the concentration of power, which is a common pathway to tyranny.

2. Protection of Constitutional Rights
An independent judiciary is vital for the protection of constitutional rights. Judges who are free from political pressures can make decisions based on the law and constitution, rather than succumbing to the influence of political parties or public opinion. This ensures that individual rights, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and due process, are upheld.

3. Impartiality and Fairness
Judicial independence guarantees that cases are decided impartially and fairly. Judges who are not beholden to external influences can adjudicate disputes without bias. This impartiality is crucial for maintaining public confidence in the legal system, which in turn reinforces the rule of law and protects liberty.

4. Protection Against Arbitrary Power
An independent judiciary protects individuals from arbitrary actions by the government. For example, if a government enacts laws that are oppressive or discriminatory, an independent judiciary can strike down such laws as unconstitutional. This safeguard ensures that the government cannot impose arbitrary restrictions on personal freedoms.

5. Human Rights Enforcement
In many countries, the judiciary plays a key role in enforcing human rights. Independent courts can hold the government accountable for violations of human rights and provide remedies to victims. This enforcement is critical for protecting individual freedoms from government overreach or abuse.

6. Economic Freedom and Stability
A stable and predictable legal system, underpinned by judicial independence, is also essential for economic freedom and stability. Investors and businesses need to be confident that their rights and contracts will be upheld by the courts. This legal certainty encourages investment and economic growth, which are important for overall societal liberty.

7. Prevention of Corruption
Judicial independence helps in combating corruption. When judges are independent, they can adjudicate corruption cases without fear of retribution from powerful interests. This helps in creating a transparent and accountable governance system, which is essential for the protection of public interest and individual rights.

Conclusion
In summary, an independent judiciary is the best safeguard of liberty because it ensures that laws are applied fairly and consistently, protects individual rights from government overreach, maintains checks and balances within the government, and upholds the rule of law. By being free from political influence, an independent judiciary can make decisions that are just and based solely on the law, thereby preserving the freedoms that are fundamental to a democratic society.

4 / 80

4. Equality in the negative sense means (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) the absence of special privileges

(B) the absence of rule of law

(C) the provision of special facilities to minorities

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

5 / 80

5. Which one of the following attribute a close relationship between justice and equality? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Idealists

(B) Socialists

(C) Pluralists

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

6 / 80

6. Which one of the following observed about the Fundamental Rights in 1928, “It is obvious that our first case should be to have our Fundamental Rights guaranteed in a manner which will not permit their withdrawal under any circumstances”? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) The Swaraj Committee

(B) The Indian National Congress

(C) The Nehru Committee

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

7 / 80

7. Talking about private property, who said that, “You shall see that some men will begin presently to enlarge his possession”? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Grotius

(B) Rousseau

(C) Locke

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

8 / 80

8. In order to create a just State, Plato believed that men have to be systematically educated as just man will rarely exist except in a just State. By this analogy, Plato was leading towards the ideal of (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) philosopher king

(B) benevolent rulers

(C) State-controlled education system

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

9 / 80

9. By propounding the theory of social contract, Hobbes was trying to restore monarchy in England for who among the following kings? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Charles I

(B) George I

(C) Charles II

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

10 / 80

10. Who propounded the theory of scientific socialism? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Webb

(B) Karl Marx

(C) Rousseau

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

11 / 80

11. Which one of the following is sometimes equated with individualism? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Theory of laissez-faire

(B) Utilitarianism

(C) Theory of surplus value

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

12 / 80

12. Individualism believes that State should perform (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) a few functions

(B) only those functions which people ask it to perform

(C) minimum functions

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

13 / 80

13. Who among the following regarded democracy as the ‘tyranny of the majority’? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Karl Marx

(B) de Tocqueville

(C) John Dunning

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

14 / 80

14. Who said about Communism that it is like ‘a hat, which has lost its shape because everyone wears it’? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Lenin

(B) Hitler

(C) Marx

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

15 / 80

15. Which Amendment to the Constitution of India was prompted by Golaknath Case? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 13th Amendment

(B) 24th Amendment

(C) 39th Amendment

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

16 / 80

16. “Power in a democratic society requires control, and the greater the power the more need for control.” Who said this? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) L. D. White

(B) Lord Bryce

(C) H. J. Laski

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

17 / 80

17. A Money Bill can be introduced in a State of India (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) in either of the two Houses

(B) only in the Legislative Assembly

(C) in both the Houses in a joint sitting

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

18 / 80

18. Who reserves the power to extend or restrict the jurisdiction of the High Courts in India? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) The President of India

(B) The Governor of State

(C) The State Legislature of the concerned State

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

19 / 80

19. The Constitution of India contains how many Schedules? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 12

(B) 9

(C) 11

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

20 / 80

20. Zonal Councils in India were provided under the (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 14th Amendment

(B) 24th Amendment

(C) States Reorganization Act, 1956

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

21 / 80

21. The number of States and Union Territories in India under the linguistic division of States in 1956 was (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 15 and 5

(B) 14 and 6

(C) 14 and 8

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

22 / 80

22. The IAS training school was originally established in (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) New Delhi

(B) Hyderabad

(C) Shimla

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

23 / 80

23. An amendment to the Constitution regarding the creation of new States in India will require (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 2/3rd majority

(B) 3/4th majority

(C) simple majority

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

24 / 80

24. The Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament is appointed by the (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) President of India

(B) Speaker of the Lok Sabha

(C) Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

25 / 80

25. The McMahon Line is a bone of contention between (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) India and China

(B) India and Bhutan

(C) India and Pakistan

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

26 / 80

26. The Covenant of the League of Nations drafted during the peace negotiations after the First World War was composed of how many Articles? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 21

(B) 26

(C) 32

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

27 / 80

27. The UN Atomic Energy Commission was established in (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 1945

(B) 1946

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

28 / 80

28. In which crisis, the UN General Assembly resorted to Uniting for Peace Resolution? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Suez Crisis, 1956

(B) Congo Crisis, 1960

(C) Korean Crisis, 1950

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

29 / 80

29. ‘Rule of law’ is implicit in the Constitution of India in Article (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 17

(B) 19

(C) 21

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

30 / 80

30. Which was the first State of India to introduce Panchayati Raj? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Andhra Pradesh

(B) Rajasthan

(C) Odisha

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

31 / 80

31. Which one of the following works was not written by Karl Marx? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Critique of the Gotha Programme

(B) The Communist Manifesto

(C) Das Kapital

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

32 / 80

32. Who said, “Sovereignty is the supreme will of the State”? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) W. F. Willoughby

(B) John Locke

(C) J. Brown

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

33 / 80

33. Who defined ‘law’ as the ‘command of the sovereign’? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Blackstone

(B) T. E. Holland

(C) John Austin

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

34 / 80

34. The concept of justice in the sense of ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest numbers’ was popularized by (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Rousseau

(B) Bentham

(C) Plato

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

35 / 80

35. Justice means that (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) there can be discrimination on just grounds

(B) there cannot be any discrimination

(C) discrimination can be made in accordance with wishes of the king

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

36 / 80

36. Moral duties are imposed by (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) the State

(B) the ethical principles of society

(C) the Government

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

37 / 80

37. Liberal theory regards the State as (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) a means to an end

(B) an end in itself

(C) an instrument for levelling of inequalities

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

38 / 80

38. According to Marx, the value of goods is determined by (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) land

(B) factory owner

(C) labour

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

39 / 80

39. Which one of the following did M. N. Roy regard as an end in itself and says that every other organization in the society is simply means to an end? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) State

(B) Individual

(C) Government

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

40 / 80

40. In Rousseau’s State of nature, man (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) knew what is virtue

(B) knew what is vice

(C) did not know what is virtue and what is vice

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

41 / 80

41. What is the sanction behind laws? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) The Legislature

(B) The State

(C) The Courts of law

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

42 / 80

42. Jayaprakash Narayan was an advocate of (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) party-less democracy

(B) abolition of the Upper House of the Parliament

(C) reservation of seats for women in the Parliament

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

43 / 80

43. The Governor-General of Bengal became the Governor-General of India by the (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Indian Councils Act of 1861

(B) Indian Councils Act of 1892

(C) Charter Act of 1833

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

44 / 80

44. ‘One who hears, should decide’ is a principle of (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) international law

(B) natural justice

(C) Hindu personal law

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

45 / 80

45. Who said, “The God, who gave us life, gave us the liberty at the same time”? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Jefferson

(B) Rousseau

(C) Laski

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

46 / 80

46. How much is the quorum of a House of the Parliament in India? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 1/5th of the membership of the House

(B) 1/8th of the membership of the House

(C) 1/10th of the membership of the House

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

47 / 80

47. According to Hans J. Morgenthau, the central concept of international politics is (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) international conflict

(B) power

(C) international understanding

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

48 / 80

48. Which one of the following theories employs mathematical models in the study of international politics? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Systems theory

(B) Games theory

(C) Decision-making theory

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

49 / 80

49. Which is called the oldest theory of international politics? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Liberalism

(B) Idealism

(C) Realism

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

50 / 80

50. The word ‘MAD’ is the abbreviation of (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Mutually Assured Destruction

(B) Men Against Doom

(C) Madly Attack to Destroy

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

51 / 80

51. Who said, “Bureaucracy is the price of parliamentary democracy”? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) F. M. Marx

(B) Herbert Morrison

(C) Ramsay Muir

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

52 / 80

52. The idea of North-South divide was popularized by which report? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Churchill Report

(B) Marshall Report

(C) Brandt Report

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

53 / 80

53. The ‘Clash of Civilizations’ is based on the belief that the 21st century conflicts will occur due to (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) ideological reasons

(B) cultural reasons

(C) economic reasons

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

54 / 80

54. Minority Rights are mentioned in the (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(B) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

(C) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

55 / 80

55. Multiculturalism seeks to protect the special rights of (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) ethnic groups

(B) linguistic groups

(C) cultural groups

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

56 / 80

56. Which right cannot be suspended during national emergency in India under Article 352? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Right to Property

(B) Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression

(C) Right to Equality before Law

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

57 / 80

57. Which one of the following scholars described the party system in India in the early years after the Independence as ‘one-party dominance system’? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Myron Weiner

(B) Achin Vanaik

(C) Rajni Kothari

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

58 / 80

58. Who characterized India as a ‘Soft State’ which is ill-equipped to carry out its welfare commitments and international obligations? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Gunnar Myrdal

(B) Edward Said

(C) A. G. Frank

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

59 / 80

59. In the context of the budget, the term ‘guillotine’ is used with the reference to (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) consolidated fund charges

(B) finance bill

(C) voting of demands

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

60 / 80

60. Who among the following scholars argues that the electoral system determines the nature of party system? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Mitchell

(B) Schumpeter

(C) Duverger

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

61 / 80

61. In which year was the Pitt’s India Act enacted that provided setting up of a Board of Control in Britain to exercise control over the East India Company in India? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 1773

(B) 1784

(C) 1832

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

62 / 80

62. The first effective attempt by the nationalists for drafting the Constitution of independent India may be traced to the (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Jinnah’s Fourteen Points

(B) Poona Pact

(C) Nehru Report

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

63 / 80

63. Which one of the following Acts deprived the Presidencies of Bombay and Madras of their law-making power? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Act of 1833

(B) Act of 1813

(C) Act of 1861

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

64 / 80

64. The Simon Commission envisaged for India (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) a confederation

(B) a federation

(C) unitary system

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

65 / 80

65. During whose Viceroyalty was the ‘Repressive Act’ also known as the ‘Gagging Act’ enacted? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Lord Curzon

(B) Lord Ripon

(C) Lord Morley

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

66 / 80

66. Who among the following was the first President of the All India Trade Union Congress that was established in 1920? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) K. Hanumanthaiah

(B) Lala Lajpat Rai

(C) B. P. Wadia

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

67 / 80

67. The main message of the realist theory in international politics is (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) to adopt that policy which enhances the power of a nation

(B) to know others’ interests to avoid conflict

(C) cooperation and accommo- dation

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

68 / 80

68. In which of the following federations does the Second Chamber have equal representation from the States? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) India

(B) USA

(C) Australia

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

69 / 80

69. ‘Parliamentary supremacy’ is a definite feature of the political system of (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) India

(B) Canada

(C) UK

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

70 / 80

70. Which one of the following statements is not correct in the American federal system? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) The powers of States are undefined but they are not unlimited.

(B) The residuary powers are vested in the States.

(C) The federal government can change the name and territory of any constituent State.

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

71 / 80

71. In the American Presidential election, in case no candidate secures required majority, the decision is referred to the (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) House of Representatives

(B) Senate

(C) Supreme Court

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

72 / 80

72. The German Chancellor is elected (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) directly by the people

(B) by the Bundesrat (Upper House)

(C) by the Bundestag (House of Representatives)

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

73 / 80

73. Which one of the following about the Constitution of UK is correct? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) UK has a unitary Consti- tution

(B) The Parliament is sovereign in UK

(C) UK has a system of judicial review

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

74 / 80

74. Which of the following according to Mahatma Gandhi, is an essential principle of ‘Satyagraha’? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Infinite capacity for suffering

(B) Truth

(C) Non-violence

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

75 / 80

75. Which one of the following provisions of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment is a voluntary provision? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) 3-tier Panchayati Raj institutions

(B) 1/3rd reservation for women

(C) Reservation for backward classes

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

76 / 80

76. The concept of charismatic leadership in the context of differentiating power from authority was put forward by (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) F. W. Taylor

(B) Max Weber

(C) L. Urwick

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

77 / 80

77. Who propounded the ‘Need Priority Theory’ in which it is said that lower level need must be satisfied before higher-order needs? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) Herzberg

(B) McGregor

(C) Maslow

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

78 / 80

78. According to Chester I. Barnard, the executive in an organization is of critical importance because of which one of his following functions? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) To establish a system of communication

(B) To promote the acquisition of the efforts

(C) To formulate the objectives

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

79 / 80

79. Who said, “Administration is politics since it must be responsive to the public interests”? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) J. M. Pfiffner

(B) L. D. White

(C) Paul H. Appleby

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

80 / 80

80. Which one of the following is not correct regarding the principle of hierarchy? (Bihar PGT 2023)

(A) It facilitates delegation of authority

(B) It helps in coordination

(C) It prevents superior- subordinate relationship

(D) More than one of the above

(E) None of the above

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