The chronology of states' bifurcation in India after 1956:

• 1960 - Bombay state split into Maharashtra and Gujarat
• 1963 - Nagaland carved out of Assam
• 1966 - Haryana and Himachal Pradesh carved out of Punjab state
• 1972 - Meghalaya , Manipur and Tripura were formed
• 1975 - Sikkim became part of Indian union
• 1987 - Goa and Arunachal Pradesh became states (earlier these were UTs)
• 2000 - Uttaranchal (out of UP), Jharkhand (out of Bihar) and Chhattisgarh (out of Madhya Pradesh) were formed
• Telangana (out of Andhra Pradesh), when it was eventually created in 2014, became India's 29th state.

The following are civil society organizations in India:

1. Bachpan Bachao Andolan - Focuses on child rights and combating child labor.
2. India Against Corruption - A movement aimed at eradicating corruption in public life.
3. Mazdoor Kisan Sangharsha Samity - Engages in the struggles of laborers and farmers for their rights.

Vigyan Prasar, on the other hand, is a government initiative focused on the promotion of science and technology, so it is not classified as a civil society organization.

Amartya Sen, an influential economist and philosopher, has authored numerous works covering economics, philosophy, ethics, and social justice. His publications are known for their contributions to welfare economics, development theory, and political philosophy. Here is a list of some of his most significant publications:

Books

1. "Collective Choice and Social Welfare" (1970)
   • One of Sen's seminal works on welfare economics, this book explores how to aggregate individual preferences, welfare, and choices to reach collective decisions.
2. "Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation" (1981)
   • Sen introduces the concept of entitlements and argues that famines occur not due to a lack of food, but because of inequalities in food distribution and access.
3. "Choice, Welfare and Measurement" (1982)
   • A collection of essays where Sen addresses issues related to welfare economics, social choice, and individual preferences.
4. "Commodities and Capabilities" (1985)
   • This book outlines the early foundations of the Capability Approach, focusing on the relationship between economic resources and human well-being.
5. "The Standard of Living" (1987)
   • Based on Sen’s Tanner Lectures, this book delves into the concepts of wealth, quality of life, and the standard of living, introducing core ideas about capabilities.
6. "Inequality Reexamined" (1992)
   • In this work, Sen critically assesses different concepts of inequality and justice, advocating for the Capability Approach as a better metric for evaluating well-being and equality.
7. "Development as Freedom" (1999)
   • One of Sen's most famous works, this book argues that development should be seen as the expansion of people's freedoms, rather than simply economic growth. It emphasizes the role of political and social freedoms in enhancing well-being.
8. "Rationality and Freedom" (2002)
   • Sen explores the relationship between rationality, freedom, and human decision-making, drawing from economics and philosophy.
9. "Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny" (2006)
   • This book examines the idea of identity and how it can lead to divisions and violence. Sen critiques the reductionist view of identity as a singular aspect of a person’s life.
10. "The Idea of Justice" (2009)
    • Sen critiques traditional theories of justice (such as those by John Rawls) and argues for a comparative approach to justice, focusing on the practical realization of justice through public reasoning and capabilities.
11. "The Argumentative Indian" (2005)
    • A collection of essays where Sen explores India's intellectual traditions and cultural diversity, emphasizing the role of argument and debate in Indian history.
12. "An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions" (2013) (co-authored with Jean Drèze)
    • This book assesses India's development, highlighting the stark contrast between its economic growth and continuing social inequalities, with a focus on public services, education, and healthcare.
13. "Home in the World: A Memoir" (2021)
    • Sen's memoir, where he reflects on his early life, education, and intellectual journey, including his experiences in India, England, and beyond.

Selected Papers and Articles

1. "The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal" (1970)
   • A famous paper where Sen demonstrates a paradox in social choice theory, known as the "liberal paradox."
2. "Utilitarianism and Welfarism" (1979)
   • In this paper, Sen critiques utilitarianism and introduces alternative approaches to welfare, emphasizing the limitations of focusing solely on utility.
3. "Equality of What?" (1980)
   • A highly influential essay where Sen poses the question of what metric should be used to assess equality and introduces the Capability Approach as an alternative to resources or utility-based metrics.
4. "Development: Which Way Now?" (1983)
   • In this paper, Sen challenges traditional views of development that focus exclusively on income growth and highlights the importance of freedoms and capabilities.
5. "Social Choice Theory" (1995)
   • Sen explores the complexities of social choice theory, discussing how to reconcile individual preferences and welfare in collective decision-making.
6. "Elements of a Theory of Human Rights" (2004)
   • A paper where Sen discusses the foundations of human rights, linking them with his ideas about capabilities and freedoms.
7. "Global Justice" (2004)
   • This essay addresses the question of justice in the context of global inequality and advocates for a broader view of justice that includes capabilities and human rights.

Edited Volumes

1. "The Quality of Life" (1993) (co-edited with Martha Nussbaum)
   • A collection of essays that explore well-being and quality of life, incorporating both philosophical and economic perspectives.
2. "Resources, Values and Development" (1984)
   • An edited collection of Sen’s essays on welfare economics, inequality, and development.

Amartya Sen's work has influenced various fields, including development economics, social choice theory, philosophy, and human rights. His publications continue to shape debates on economic policy, justice, and global development.

The National Conference of Jammu and Kashmir, led by Sheikh Abdullah, did not support the All India Muslim League during the Indian Independence Movement. Instead, the National Conference, initially known as the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, was founded in 1932 with a focus on representing the interests of Muslims in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. However, in 1939, Sheikh Abdullah transformed the party into the National Conference, promoting a secular and inclusive ideology that aimed to unite all communities in Jammu and Kashmir.

The National Conference opposed the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan and instead aligned itself with the Indian National Congress, advocating for a secular, democratic, and inclusive India. Sheikh Abdullah's vision was for Jammu and Kashmir to become part of a secular India rather than aligning with the communal politics of the Muslim League.

(a) The Indian army overthrew the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1948.

• True: In 1948, the Indian Army undertook a military operation known as Operation Polo to integrate the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union.Hyderabad, which was ruled by the Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Pasha, had initially opted for independence rather than joining India or Pakistan after the partition of British India in 1947. The Nizam's reluctance to accede to India led to a tense situation. The Indian government, under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, decided to use military force to secure Hyderabad's integration.The operation, conducted from September 13 to September 18, 1948, was swift and decisive, resulting in the Nizam's surrender and Hyderabad becoming a part of India. The operation aimed to avoid prolonged conflict and minimize civilian casualties.

(b) In Maharashtra Shatkari Sangha was formed in 1972.

• False: The correct name of the organization is Shetkari Sanghatana, which was founded by Sharad Joshi in 1979, not 1972.

(c) Kanu Sanyal did not form the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) [CPI(ML)] in 1971; the party was actually founded earlier, in 1969.

Kanu Sanyal, along with Charu Majumdar, was a key leader of the Naxalite movement, which began in the late 1960s as a radical peasant uprising in Naxalbari, West Bengal. This movement, driven by the desire for agrarian revolution, eventually led to the formation of the CPI(ML) in 1969 under Charu Majumdar's leadership. The CPI(ML) sought to advance the cause of revolution through armed struggle, drawing inspiration from Maoist principles.

Kanu Sanyal was a prominent figure within the party but was not the sole founder. By 1971, internal disagreements and state repression had already begun to affect the party, leading to splits and the eventual decline of the original CPI(ML).

(d) Marxist Communist Centre (MCC) was an ally of Congress in Bihar.

• False: The Marxist Communist Centre (MCC), which later merged with the People's War Group to form the CPI(Maoist), was never an ally of the Congress party. The MCC was a far-left militant group opposed to mainstream political parties like the Congress.

Based on the above evaluation, the correct combination of True (T) and False (F) statements is:

1. (a) - True
2. (b) - False
3. (c) - False
4. (d) - False

So the correct code is: TFFF.