Madhya Pradesh SET Unit 5: International Relations - Political Science Coaching Centre

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Dr. S. H. Sarkar

Madhya Pradesh SET Unit 5: International Relations

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1. With reference to the International Monetary Fund consider the following statements : (Madhya Pradesh SET 2022)

(i) It was established 1944.

(ii) To promote International trade and economic progress of member states.

(iii) It consists of one board of Governors, which is working as general assembly.

Which of the above statements are correct:

(A) (i) and (ii)

(B) (i) and (iii)

(C) (ii) and (iii)

(D) (i), (ii) and (iii)

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2. How many member states are in European Union at present? (Madhya Pradesh SET 2022)

(A) 28

(B) 27

(C) 26

(D) 29

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3. Choose from the following the book written by the Neo-realist Kenneth Waltz : (Madhya Pradesh SET 2022)

(A) Scientific Man vs. Power Politics (1946)

(B) Theory of International Politics (1979)

(C) In Defence of National Interest (1951)

(D) Dilemmas of Politics (1958)

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4. Who among the following is not the supporter of the Realistic Approach? (Madhya Pradesh SET 2022)

(A) George Cannon

(B) Georg Schwarzenbeiger

(C) Henry Kissinger

(D) None of the above

George F. Kennan was a key architect of modern International Relations through his theory of containment. In his famous “Long Telegram” (1946) and “X Article” (1947), he argued that the Soviet Union was expansionist but could be restrained by sustained political, economic, and strategic pressure. His ideas shaped Cold War policy, encouraging the United States to avoid direct war while limiting Soviet influence. Kennan emphasized diplomacy, balance of power, and long-term strategy, making containment a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy.

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Who was Georg Schwarzenberger?

Born: 1908 (in Germany)
Died: 1991
Profession: International law scholar and professor
Field: International Relations & International Law

Key Contributions

He is best known for applying realist ideas to international law.
Schwarzenberger argued that international law is shaped by power politics, not just moral or legal principles.
He believed that strong states influence the creation and enforcement of international law.

Important Ideas

Power-oriented approach: Law between nations reflects the distribution of power.
Skepticism about universal justice: He questioned whether international law could be truly impartial.
Linked closely with realist theory in International Relations.

Major Works

Power Politics: A Study of International Society (a very influential book)
International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals

In Simple Terms

Schwarzenberger’s main idea:
👉 International law works best when it aligns with the interests of powerful states.
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Henry Kissinger

Realist Thinker: Strong supporter of Realpolitik (power & national interest over morality)
Key Roles: U.S. Secretary of State & National Security Advisor
Détente: Helped reduce Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union
China Policy: Opened diplomatic relations with China (1972)
Shuttle Diplomacy: Mediated in Middle East conflicts
Famous Work: Diplomacy
Criticism: Linked to Vietnam War policies & support for authoritarian regimes

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Madhya Pradesh SET Madhya Pradesh SET Unit 5: International Relations

Madhya Pradesh SET