অন ​​লিবার্টি হল ইংরেজ দার্শনিক জন স্টুয়ার্ট মিলের 1859 সালে প্রকাশিত একটি প্রবন্ধ।

A & B উভয়ই হবে

Supporters of negative liberty include several prominent philosophers and political theorists who have emphasized the importance of freedom from interference. Some notable advocates are:

Hobbes:

John Locke: His social contract theory and writings on natural rights highlight the importance of individual freedoms and minimal government interference.
John Stuart Mill: In his work "On Liberty," Mill advocates for personal freedom and protection from societal and governmental constraints.
Friedrich Hayek: Hayek's writings, particularly in "The Road to Serfdom," stress the significance of individual liberty and the dangers of government intervention.
Isaiah Berlin: Although he is known for distinguishing between negative and positive liberty, Berlin himself emphasized the importance of negative liberty, or freedom from interference.
Robert Nozick: In "Anarchy, State, and Utopia," Nozick argues for a minimal state and highlights the importance of individual rights and freedoms without external interference.

Hayek:

Milton Friedman: 

Herbert Spencer: is generally considered a supporter of negative liberty. Spencer, a 19th-century British philosopher, is known for his strong advocacy of individual freedom and minimal government intervention. His views are clearly outlined in works such as "The Man Versus the State," where he argues against the expansion of state power and in favor of individual rights and laissez-faire principles. Spencer's philosophy emphasizes the importance of non-interference by the state and other entities, aligning closely with the concept of negative liberty, which is defined as freedom from external constraints and coercion.

Jeremy Bentham:
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Supporters of positive liberty include several influential philosophers and political theorists who emphasize the importance of individuals having the capacity and resources to act upon their free will and achieve self-mastery. Some notable advocates are:

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: In his work "The Social Contract," Rousseau emphasizes the idea of collective self-governance and the general will, which can be seen as a form of positive liberty.
G.W.F. Hegel: Hegel's philosophy highlights the development of self-consciousness and freedom through social and historical processes, emphasizing the role of the state in actualizing freedom.
John Dewey: An advocate of educational and social reforms, Dewey believed in creating conditions for individuals to achieve their full potential and participate fully in democratic society.
T.H. Green: Green argued that true freedom involves the ability to realize one's potential and pursue the common good, requiring certain social and economic conditions.
Amartya Sen: In his capability approach, Sen focuses on the importance of individuals having the capabilities and opportunities to achieve well-being and make meaningful choices.

Harold J Laski: A Grammar of Politics

Hobson: 

Giovanni Gentile: Italian philosopher who was a proponent of positive liberty through his development of the concept of "actual idealism," then yes, Gentile is an example of a philosopher who supports positive liberty. His ideas were aligned with the notion that true freedom comes from the realization of one's potential and the active participation in the collective will of the society or state.

Karl Marx's theory of societal evolution is rooted in his historical materialism, which focuses on the way material conditions, particularly the mode of production, drive the development of human societies. Marx argued that societies evolve through stages based on their economic systems and the class relations that emerge from them. The key stages in Marx’s theory of societal evolution are:

1. Primitive Communism:

• This was the earliest stage of human society, characterized by communal ownership of resources and an absence of class divisions. In primitive societies, people worked together for survival, sharing resources collectively.

2. Slave Society:

• As societies developed and agricultural production increased, class divisions emerged. Slave societies were based on the exploitation of one class (slaves) by another (slave-owners). This stage introduced a clear division between the ruling and working classes, where the ruling class owned the means of production, and the workers were reduced to mere property.

3. Feudalism:

• Feudalism replaced slave society, marked by the hierarchical relationship between lords and serfs. In this system, the ruling class (land-owning aristocrats) controlled the land, while peasants (serfs) worked the land in exchange for protection. The economy was primarily agrarian, and the power of the aristocracy was rooted in land ownership.

4. Capitalism:

• Marx viewed capitalism as the next stage in societal evolution, where the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) owns the means of production and exploits the proletariat (working class), who sell their labor for wages. Under capitalism, wealth and production are concentrated in the hands of a few, creating economic inequality. Marx believed that capitalism would generate contradictions, such as overproduction and class struggle, leading to its eventual collapse.

5. Socialism:

• Marx envisioned socialism as a transitional stage between capitalism and communism. In a socialist society, the working class would overthrow the capitalist class and collectively control the means of production. Economic and social equality would begin to emerge, with resources distributed based on need rather than profit. The state would still exist in a socialist phase, but it would work in the interests of the proletariat.

6. Communism:

• The final stage of societal evolution, according to Marx, is communism. In a communist society, class distinctions and the state would cease to exist, and the means of production would be owned collectively by the people. Resources and goods would be distributed according to each person's needs, and society would operate on the principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs." Communism, for Marx, represented a classless, stateless, and truly egalitarian society.

Marx’s theory of societal evolution is grounded in his belief that class struggles drive historical change. He argued that with each stage of society, new contradictions emerge that eventually lead to a revolution and the birth of a new social order, culminating in communism.