Thomas Hobbes in his seminal work "Leviathan," Hobbes describes the state as an artificial person or entity created through a social contract where individuals collectively surrender certain freedoms to a sovereign authority in exchange for security and order. This authority, or Leviathan, commands obedience and enforces laws, thereby maintaining peace and preventing the chaos of the state of nature.

While the exact wording of the statement you provided is attributed to John Austin, the underlying concepts resonate strongly with Hobbes' views on the relationship between the state, law, and political authority.

Cicero was influenced by Plato, but he did not completely accept all of Plato's ideas. Cicero's works reflect a blend of various philosophical traditions, including Stoicism and his own interpretations.

The concept of surplus value originated in Ricardian socialism, with William Thompson coining the term in 1824. However, Karl Marx developed and popularized the concept in his critique of political economy. Marx's formulation is the standard sense and the primary basis for further developments. 

Surplus value is the difference between the amount raised through a sale of a product and the amount it cost to manufacture it. Marx used the German word Mehrwert, which means "value added", to describe the yield, profit, or return on production capital invested. He believed that individual workers and their productivity is what really determined the value of consumer goods or services.

Marx also developed the concept of surplus labor, which refers to the labor that produces a value beyond that which is needed for the subsistence of the worker or workers who perform it.

Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory is based on the desire for peace. Hobbes believed that people should give up their rights and liberties to a sovereign power in exchange for safety and order. This would give the sovereign absolute power to govern the citizenry and preserve their peace, life, and prosperity. Hobbes also believed that the natural law would become a moral guide for the sovereign to preserve the natural rights of the subjects.

The golden mean, or golden middle way, is an ethical principle that suggests finding the middle ground between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. It is associated with the works of ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE). In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle describes the golden mean as a principle of virtue that suggests that moral behavior is found in a moderate and balanced approach. For example, Aristotle believed that courage is a virtue, but if taken to excess would manifest as recklessness, and, in deficiency, cowardice.

The golden mean is also associated with moderation and balance. For example, in business communication, the idea of "satisficing" is similar to the golden mean, and it means doing a little of what everyone wants but with no one getting exactly what they want.

John Rawls, a prominent political philosopher, is associated with the concept of the "distribution of primary goods." In his book "A Theory of Justice," Rawls argues for a theory of justice based on principles that would be chosen by individuals in a hypothetical "original position," where they are behind a veil of ignorance about their own characteristics and circumstances.

Rawls posits that in this original position, rational individuals would choose two principles of justice to structure society. The first principle is the principle of equal basic liberties for all citizens. The second principle is known as the "difference principle," which states that social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are both to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society, and attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.

The concept of "primary goods" refers to the things that are considered necessary for individuals to pursue their conception of the good life within society. These include rights and liberties, powers and opportunities, income and wealth, and the social bases of self-respect. Rawls argues that the distribution of these primary goods should be arranged in accordance with the principles chosen in the original position, particularly the difference principle, to ensure a just society.

John Locke, an influential Enlightenment thinker, argued that individuals have a natural right to property. In his work "Second Treatise of Government," Locke posited that in a state of nature, before the establishment of society and government, individuals have the right to acquire and possess property as part of their natural rights. He believed that this right was grounded in the idea that individuals own their own bodies and labor, and by extension, the products of their labor.

Locke's theory of property has several key components:

Labor Theory: He argued that individuals acquire property through their labor. By mixing their labor with natural resources, they make those resources their own.

Limitations: While individuals have the right to acquire property, Locke emphasized that this right is not absolute. There should be enough and as good left in common for others, and individuals should not waste or spoil resources.

Role of Government: Locke believed that the primary role of government is to protect individuals' natural rights, including the right to property. Governments should not interfere with individuals' property rights except to protect those rights and ensure a fair distribution of resources.

Locke's ideas on property laid the groundwork for later thinkers and political movements that emphasized individual rights and the importance of property in a just society.