Apart from Jammu and Kashmir, which used to have a six-year legislative assembly term under its special status (Article 370 of the Indian Constitution), no other state assembly in India currently has a six-year term.

Historically, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a six-year term for its Legislative Assembly, while all other states have five-year terms. However, after the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019, Jammu and Kashmir's special status was revoked, and it was reorganized into two Union Territories (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh). Consequently, the legislative assembly term for Jammu and Kashmir has been brought in line with the rest of India, with a five-year term.

Thus, currently, no state assembly in India has a six-year term. All state assemblies have a standard five-year term.

The distinction between public administration and private administration has been a subject of debate among scholars. One prominent figure who argued that public administration is different from private administration is Paul H. Appleby.

In his book "Policy and Administration" (1949), Appleby emphasized the following key distinctions:

1. Scope of responsibility: Public administration is accountable to the public and serves broader societal interests, whereas private administration serves private interests and is accountable primarily to owners or shareholders.
2. Public scrutiny: Public administrators work in a more transparent environment, often under public and political scrutiny, while private administration is more shielded from public view.
3. Motivation and Goals: Public administration aims at providing public services and managing resources for the common good, while private administration is typically driven by profit maximization.

Thus, Paul H. Appleby is one of the key scholars who argued for a clear distinction between the two fields.

Assertion (A):

For Sri Aurobindo, history is spiritually determined.

• This is true. Sri Aurobindo believed in the spiritual evolution of humanity. He saw history as the unfolding of a divine plan, where spiritual progress and development play a central role. For him, historical events were guided by spiritual forces leading humanity towards a higher consciousness.

Reason (R):

Culture and civilization both act and interact in history.

• This is also true. Sri Aurobindo considered both culture and civilization as important elements that influence the course of history. He believed that cultural and civilizational developments are expressions of the spiritual evolution that drives human history.

Conclusion:

While both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, the Reason (R) does not directly explain why history is spiritually determined in Aurobindo's view. The reason for history being spiritually determined is more related to his belief in the divine plan and spiritual evolution, rather than just the interaction of culture and civilization.

Here is the correct chronological order of the publications:

1. Leviathan (i) – published in 1651 by Thomas Hobbes.
2. The Calculus of Consent (iv) – published in 1962 by James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock.
3. Modern Political Analysis (ii) – published in 1963 by Robert A. Dahl.
4. A Theory of Justice (iii) – published in 1971 by John Rawls.

So the correct order is:
(i), (iv), (ii), (iii).

To arrange these concepts in the correct chronological order, let’s briefly review their origins:

1. 'General Will' – A concept from the political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, introduced in his work The Social Contract (published in 1762). It represents the collective will of the people in a society.
2. 'Authority as Federal' – The concept of federalism, wherein authority is divided between central and regional governments, has roots in the Federalist Papers and the U.S. Constitution, both established in 1787-1788.
3. 'Satyagraha' – A method of nonviolent resistance developed by Mahatma Gandhi during his time in South Africa in 1906, and later applied in India during the independence movement.
4. 'Gram Swaraj' – This is a concept promoted by Mahatma Gandhi, advocating for village self-rule as part of his vision for India. Gandhi emphasized this idea after 1920 during the freedom struggle.

Correct chronological order:

(i) General Will (1762)
(ii) Authority as Federal (1787-1788)
(iii) Satyagraha (1906)
(iv) Gram Swaraj (1920s)

Thus, the correct order is: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

The correct chronological order in which the following approaches emerged is as follows:

1. Philosophical Approach: This is the earliest approach, dating back to ancient political thought, including works of philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, focusing on normative questions about politics and governance.
2. Marxist Approach: This approach emerged in the 19th century, with Karl Marx's works, particularly The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867). It focuses on class struggle, material conditions, and the economic foundations of political systems.
3. Behavioural Approach: This approach gained prominence in the 1930s-1950s, emphasizing empirical research, observation, and the study of human behavior in politics, moving away from normative analysis.
4. Systems Approach: Developed by David Easton in the 1950s, this approach views political systems as complex, interrelated structures and functions, emphasizing inputs, outputs, and feedback mechanisms within the political environment.

Thus, the correct chronological order is:

(i) Philosophical Approach → (iii) Marxist Approach → (ii) Behavioural Approach → (iv) Systems Approach.

The correct chronological order of publication for the following books is:

1. Theory and Practice of Modern Governments by Herman Finer (1932): This book is a classic in public administration, exploring the structure and function of governments.
2. The Power Elite by C. Wright Mills (1956): This book examines the power structure of the United States, focusing on the military, corporate, and political elites.
3. Political Man by Seymour Martin Lipset (1960): This influential work explores the social bases of politics, particularly the relationship between democracy and social conditions.
4. Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach by Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell (1966): This book contributed significantly to the field of comparative politics, with a focus on political development and systems analysis.

Thus, the correct chronological order is:

(iii) Theory and Practice of Modern Governments → (ii) The Power Elite → (i) Political Man → (iv) Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach.

The correct chronological order of the landmark judgments by the Supreme Court of India is as follows:

1. K. Gopalan Case (1950): In A.K. Gopalan vs. State of Madras, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of preventive detention laws and interpreted fundamental rights in a narrow, isolated manner.
2. Golak Nath Case (1967): In I.C. Golak Nath vs. State of Punjab, the Supreme Court held that Parliament could not amend fundamental rights under Article 368 of the Constitution.
3. Ninth Schedule of the Constitution Case (1973): This refers to the Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala case, where the Supreme Court introduced the "Basic Structure Doctrine," limiting Parliament's power to amend the Constitution.
4. Minerva Mills Case (1980): In Minerva Mills vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine and struck down amendments that curtailed judicial review.

Thus, the correct chronological order is:

(iii) K. Gopalan Case → (ii) Golak Nath Case → (iv) Ninth Schedule of the Constitution Case → (i) Minerva Mills Case.

The major landmarks towards the growth and emergence of New Public Administration -

1. The Honey Report on higher education for public service in 1967.
2. The Philadelphia conference on the theory and practice of Public administration in1967.
3. The Minnow-brook conference of 1968
4. Publication of "Towards a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective, edited by Frank Marini, 1971."
5. Publication of Public Administration in a time of turbulence (Edited by D. Waldoin 1971.)
6. Publication of Grorge Frederickson’s book on New Public Administration in 1980

The correct sequence in which the theories/approaches appeared is as follows:

1. Max Weber's Bureaucratic Theory – Early 20th century (around 1920s): Weber's theory focused on structured, hierarchical organizations and formal rules.
2. Human Relations Theory – 1930s-1940s: This theory, developed by Elton Mayo and others, emphasized the importance of social factors and employee well-being in organizations.
3. Decision-making Theory – 1940s-1950s: This approach, associated with Herbert Simon, focused on the process of decision-making in organizations, particularly the bounded rationality of human actors.
4. New Public Management – 1980s-1990s: This approach emerged as a reform movement emphasizing efficiency, decentralization, and private-sector management techniques in the public sector.

Thus, the correct chronological order is:

(ii) Max Weber's Bureaucratic Theory → (i) Human Relations Theory → (iv) Decision-making Theory → (iii) New Public Management.

To identify the correct chronological order of the events listed:

1. My Lai Massacre – March 16, 1968: This was a mass killing of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops during the Vietnam War.
2. Camp David Accords – September 17, 1978: A peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter at Camp David.
3. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait – August 2, 1990: This invasion led to the Gulf War.
4. G-8 summit in St. Petersburg – July 15-17, 2006: The annual meeting of the G8 (Group of Eight) was held in St. Petersburg, Russia.

So, the correct chronological order is:

(ii) My Lai Massacre → (i) Camp David → (iii) Iraq's invasion of Kuwait → (iv) G-8 summit in St. Peters.

Political decay is a political theory, originally described in 1965 by Samuel P. Huntington, which describes how chaos and disorder can arise from social modernization increasing more rapidly than political and institutional modernization.

____________

Political Order and Political Decay (2014) is a work by Francis Fukuyama. This book is the second volume of his two-part series, following The Origins of Political Order (2011). In Political Order and Political Decay, Fukuyama explores how political institutions evolve and why they sometimes fall into decay, with a focus on modern history from the French Revolution to contemporary global political challenges.

The correctly matched pairs are:

(A) Robert Michels: Iron Law of Oligarchy – Robert Michels is known for formulating the "Iron Law of Oligarchy," which states that all complex organizations, regardless of how democratic they are initially, eventually develop oligarchic structures.

The other pairs are incorrect:

• (B) Huntington is known for theories on modernization and political order, but the idea of "modernization as a multifaceted process" is not his primary focus.
• (C) Karl Deutsch contributed to the theory of communication in politics but is not particularly known for "Receptors."
• (D) Almond is known for the theory of political systems and political culture, not the elitist theory of democracy.

So, the correct match is (A) Robert Michels: Iron Law of Oligarchy.

Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph were prolific political scientists and scholars of South Asian politics, particularly known for their work on India. Here's a list of some of their major publications:

Books:

1. The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India (1967)
   • This influential book explores the interaction of tradition and modernity in Indian politics, showing how traditional structures (like caste and kingship) adapt to modern political contexts.
2. In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State (1987)
   • Co-authored with John Kurt Jacobsen, this work examines the political economy of India, analyzing how state power, democracy, and economic change interact in Indian society.
3. Essays on Rajputana: Reflections on History, Culture, and Administration (1984)
   • A collection of essays by the Rudolphs reflecting on the culture and administrative history of Rajputana, a region in India.
4. Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma (1983)
   • This book offers an analysis of Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership style, showing how his charismatic authority was grounded in Indian traditions, including religious and cultural values.
5. Reversing the Gaze: Amar Singh’s Diary, A Colonial Subject’s Narrative of Imperial India (2000)
   • The Rudolphs edited and interpreted the diaries of Amar Singh, a Rajput nobleman, to give a "reversed" perspective of British colonial rule from an Indian subject's point of view.
6. Explaining Indian Democracy: A Fifty-Year Perspective, 1956–2006 (2008)
   • A three-volume collection of essays by the Rudolphs, covering their fifty years of scholarship on Indian democracy, its history, and its development.
7. Postmodern Gandhi and Other Essays: Gandhi in the World and at Home (2006)
   • This book explores Gandhi’s relevance in the context of global politics, leadership, and the interplay of tradition and modernity.
8. Romanticism's Child: An Intellectual History of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1972)
   • The Rudolphs provide an intellectual biography of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, an influential figure in 19th-century India, examining his contributions to Islamic modernism.
9. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in India (1992)
   • Co-edited by the Rudolphs, this book discusses how India’s federal structure has shaped its ability to manage ethnic and regional diversity.

Articles:

1. "The Political Economy of the Indian State" (Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 1987)
   • A detailed analysis of the Indian state's role in the economy, focusing on the complex interplay between politics and economics in the post-colonial period.
2. "The Imperialism of Categories: Situating Knowledge in a Globalizing World" (Perspectives on Politics, 2004)
   • This article critiques the global spread of Western categories of knowledge and advocates for a more localized understanding of knowledge systems, with a focus on India.
3. "To the Brink and Back: India's 1991 Economic Crisis" (Pacific Affairs, 2001)
   • This piece examines the economic crisis of 1991 in India, analyzing the political decisions that led to the liberalization of the Indian economy.
4. "Congress in Indira-Raj: From Majority Rule to Political Pilgrimage" (Pacific Affairs, 1973)
   • A political analysis of the Congress party under Indira Gandhi's leadership, focusing on her centralization of power and the political shifts of the time.
5. "The Iconization of Gandhi: Social and Political Symbolism in Postcolonial India" (Journal of Asian Studies, 1984)
   • This article explores how Gandhi became a symbolic figure in Indian politics, shaping postcolonial identity and politics.

The Rudolphs’ work is notable for its deep engagement with Indian politics, combining field research with theoretical insights. They provided critical perspectives on the interplay of tradition, modernity, and democracy in post-colonial societies.