(a) Riga axioms → (iii) Origins of cold war
The "Riga axioms" refer to a set of ideas developed by Western diplomats (based in Riga, Latvia) during the early 20th century. These axioms shaped Western views of the Soviet Union as inherently expansionist, contributing to the origins of Cold War thinking.
(b) Sinatra doctrine → (iv) Non-intervention in East European allies
The "Sinatra Doctrine" was a policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s that allowed Eastern European countries greater independence from Soviet control, signaling non-intervention in their domestic policies. It was named after Frank Sinatra’s song “My Way” to imply that these countries could pursue their own paths.
(c) Malta Summit → (i) End of cold war
The Malta Summit (1989) is considered a key moment marking the end of the Cold War. It was a meeting between U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, where they declared the Cold War over.
(d) Geneva Protocol → (ii) Banning usage of chemical weapons
The Geneva Protocol of 1925 was an international treaty that prohibited the use of chemical and biological weapons in warfare.