NET Unit 2: Political Thought Part II
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1. Arrange the following in chronological order. Use the codes given below: (NET June 2011 Paper II)
(i) Bolshevik Revolution
(ii) Puritan Revolution
(iii) Chinese Communist Revolution
(iv) Glorious Revolution
Codes:
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2. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): (NET June 2011 Paper II)
Assertion (A): The system of proportional representation may solve the problem of minority representation to some extent.
Reason (R): The system of proportional representation enables due representation to all types of groups based on ethnicity, gender, interests and ideologies.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
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3. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R): (NET June 2011 Paper II)
Assertion (A): Machiavelli is anti-Church but not anti-religion.
Reason (R): Because religion produces order as peace brings fortune and success.
Select the correct answer from the codes give below:
Machiavelli is often seen as anti-Church because he criticized the institutional power and corruption of the Church during his time. However, he was not anti-religion in principle. Machiavelli believed that religion could be a powerful tool for maintaining social order and political stability, as it promoted moral discipline among the populace. The Reason (R) supports this by stating that religion produces order, which aligns with Machiavelli's views on how religion, when used wisely by a ruler, could bring peace, fortune, and success to a state.
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4. As against Marx’s view that with the expansion of capitalism the middle class will vanish away, the first thinker to have given the idea that the middle class will not wither away and increasing pauperization of the proletariat will not take place, was (NET June 2011 Paper II)
The first thinker to challenge Marx’s view of the inevitable decline of the middle class and the increasing pauperization of the proletariat was Eduard Bernstein. Bernstein, a prominent revisionist within the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) in the late 19th century, argued that capitalism was not leading to the complete collapse of the middle class or an increase in proletarian misery as Marx predicted. Instead, he believed that capitalism was adaptable and could evolve to improve the conditions of the working class and expand the middle class.
Bernstein’s critique of Marx’s theory became known as revisionism, which proposed gradual reform rather than revolutionary change. His ideas were outlined in his work Evolutionary Socialism (1899).
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5. Marching through the stages of thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis, consciousness is the essence of the creation and driving force of development. The above view is associated with (NET June 2011 Paper II)
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6. The dictum, 'Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism' was propounded by (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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7. Who said, "Functionalism can indeed be interpreted as a conscious alternative to Marxism"? (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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8. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2012 Paper II)
Assertion (A): Aristotle is justifiably called the Father of Political Science.
Reason (R): His criticism of Plato's idealism justifies this claim.
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9. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2012 Paper II)
Assertion (A): Marx was a revolutionary.
Reason (R): Marx was not concerned about the processes of history.
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10. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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12. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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13. Arrange the following works of Rousseau chronologically, using the codes given below: (NET December 2012 Paper II)
(A) The Social Contract
(B) A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
(C) Emile
(D) A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
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14. Who among the following wrote, "Laws are the rules of just and unjust; nothing being reputed unjust that is not contrary to some law"? (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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15. Which is not a part of Rawl's well ordered society? (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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16. Machiavelli advised the Prince to pursue (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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17. In Hegel's notion the highest possible achievement of Mind as expressed in social life was in (NET December 2012 Paper II)
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18. Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers emphasises primarily on (NET June 2012 Paper II)
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19. The doctrine of overlapping consensus is advocated by (NET June 2012 Paper II)
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20. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET June 2012 Paper II)
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21. Who is the first modern political thinker who deliberately ignores Aristotle? (NET June 2012 Paper II)
Hobbes rejected Aristotle's idea that political institutions are natural to humans, and instead believed they were artificial.
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22. Who wrote "Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign"? (NET June 2012 Paper II)
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23. Which of the following book is not authored by Karl Marx? (NET June 2012 Paper II)
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24. Arrange the following international politics theorists in a chronological order from the codes given below: (NET December 2012 Paper III)
(i) Reinhold Niebuhr
(ii) Immanuel Kant
(iii) Antonio Gramsci
(iv) Rebert W. Cox
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25. Match the List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below with reference to Aristotle and Plato: (NET December 2012 Paper III)
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26. Assertion (A): Social Contract established a sovereign Government.
Reason (R): Citizens do have an absolute obligation to obey all laws or accept any form of Government.
In the context of the two statements, which one of the following is correct? (NET December 2012 Paper III)
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27. General Will means (NET December 2012 Paper III)
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28. Which one among the following is not a work about alienation? (NET December 2012 Paper III)
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29. Who among the following has compared fortune with a woman? (NET December 2012 Paper III)
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30. Which one among the following statement is true? (NET December 2012 Paper III)
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31. The term 'Leninism' was coined by (NET December 2012 Paper III)
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32. Which one among the following was the first mass movement Mao led? (NET December 2012 Paper III)
Explanation:
The first mass movement that Mao Zedong led was the Autumn Harvest Uprising in 1927, which was part of his early revolutionary activities during the Chinese Civil War. The options listed, such as -
"Let hundred flowers blossom and hundred schools of thought contend" (1956),
The Great Leap Forward (1958–1962), and
The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), occurred later in Mao's political career.
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33. What is the correct sequence of the following in the Aristotle's Theory of Causation? (NET June 2012 Paper III)
(i) Material cause
(ii) Formal cause
(iii) Final cause
(iv) Efficient cause
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34. Match the List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET June 2012 Paper III)
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35. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R): (NET June 2012 Paper III)
Assertion (A): Platonic justice represents a disposition to do the right thing.
Reason (R): It is good to be unjust but bad to suffer injustice.
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36. Which one among the following statements is true? (NET June 2012 Paper III)
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37. Locke's view on 'state of nature' is (NET June 2012 Paper III)
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38. Which one among the following statements is correct? (NET June 2012 Paper III)
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39. Who adopted communism to Asiatic form? (NET June 2012 Paper III)
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40. Rawlsian concept of justice is based on (NET June 2012 Paper III)
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41. Marx does not believe in (NET June 2012 Paper III)
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42. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2013 Paper II)
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43. Which one of the following writings is not written by Mao? (NET December 2013 Paper II)
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44. Who was the founder of Utilitarianism? (NET December 2013 Paper II)
Founder of Utilitarianism:
The founder of Utilitarianism is considered to be Jeremy Bentham. Bentham, an English philosopher and legal theorist, developed the utilitarian ethical theory in the late 18th century. His work laid the groundwork for the utilitarian tradition, which posits that the moral worth of an action is determined by its overall utility in maximizing happiness or pleasure and minimizing pain or suffering for the greatest number of individuals. Bentham's ideas had a significant influence on subsequent utilitarian thinkers, including John Stuart Mill.
But, Bofore Betham, Sophists in the Ancient Period emphasised on the Utilitarian Thought, and in modern period, in 1725 in Francis Hutchenson talked about it. However, it was Jeremy Bentham who gave a strong argument to established the Philosophy in its real form.
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45. Who said, "Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override"?(NET December 2013 Paper II)
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46. Identify the correct sequence of Marx's Writings in ascending order: (NET December 2013 Paper II)
i. Contribution to the Critique ofPolitical Economy
ii. Poverty of Philosophy
iii. Thesis on Feuerbach
iv. Communist Manifesto
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47. Who among the following is not a principal character in Plato's Republic? (NET December 2013 Paper II)
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48. Identify the correct sequence of the Plato's four components of virtue: (NET June 2013 Paper II)
(i) Justice
(ii) Courage
(iii) Temperance
(iv) Wisdom
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49. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R): (NET June 2013 Paper II)
Assertion (A): Karl Marx termed early socialists as Utopian socialists.
Reason (R): They attacked the capitalist system itself.
Marx referred to early socialists, such as Fourier, Owen, and Saint-Simon, as "Utopian socialists" because he believed their ideas were idealistic and lacked a practical foundation for achieving socialism.
While Utopian socialists were critical of the capitalist system, they did not engage in a direct attack on capitalism in the same revolutionary manner that Marx did. Instead, they proposed idealized visions of society and often sought reform rather than revolution.
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50. Which one of the following Mao has not said? (NET June 2013 Paper II)
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51. Which of the following is correct so far as John Rawls' writings are concerned? (NET June 2013 Paper II)
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52. Who among the following criticised Bentham's Philosophy as "Pig Philosophy"? (NET June 2013 Paper II)
Bentham's Utilitarianism as "Pig Theory":
Thomas Carlyle criticized Jeremy Bentham's philosophy as the 'Pig Theory' to convey his disdain for Bentham's utilitarianism. Carlyle argued that Bentham's emphasis on the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain, central to utilitarianism, reduced human motivation to mere animalistic instincts. By labeling it the 'Pig Theory,' Carlyle aimed to highlight what he saw as a degrading and simplistic view of human nature, contrasting it with his own romantic and more elevated notions of human potential and purpose.
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53. For Hegel which one of the following is correct? (NET June 2013 Paper II)
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54. Whom did Machiavelli blame for the moral degradation of Italy? (NET June 2013 Paper II)
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55. What constitutes the mean in Aristotle's social structure? (NET June 2013 Paper II)
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56. Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding was a refutation of (NET December 2013 Paper III)
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57. "The "natural" man will be one in whom strong conscience and stead fast reason have successfully harmonized self-love and sympathy'. Who advocated this? (NET December 2013 Paper III)
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58. For Hobbes, 'Felicity' means (NET December 2013 Paper III)
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59. Who did help to humanize J.S. Mill's revised version of Utilitarianism? (NET December 2013 Paper III)
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60. The reappearance of Plato is found in the (NET December 2013 Paper III)
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61. Who said that Labour power equals the brain, muscle, and nerve of the Labourer? (NET December 2013 Paper III)
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62. Who said, 'Taxation equals forced labour'? (NET December 2013 Paper III)
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63. Who among the following made the State a moral institution with a moral end? (NET June 2013 Paper III)
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64. Who said, "J. J. Rousseau is the Father of Jacobin despotism, of Caesarian dictatorship and the inspirer of the absolute doctrines of Kant and of Hegel"? (NET June 2013 Paper III)
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65. From whom did Hobbes borrow the principle of resolutive composite? (NET June 2013 Paper III)
The resolutive-compositive method is a scientific method that involves breaking down society into its simplest elements and then reassembling them into a logical whole. It is a mechanical rather than organic view of society and its relationship with individuals.
Thomas Hobbes is considered one of the greatest individualists because he was the first to use the resolutive-compositive method to establish that humans are utilitarian and individualistic by nature
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66. Who said, "My own existence is a social activity and mind are social in their context as well as in their origin, they are social activity and social mind"? (NET June 2013 Paper III)
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67. Who said, "Revolutions are the festivals of the oppressed and the exploited"? (NET December 2014 Paper II)
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68. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). (NET December 2014 Paper II)
Assertion (A): For Plato great diversity of wealth was inconsistent with good government.
Reason (R): He saw no way to abolish the evil except by abolishing wealth itself, so far as soldiers and rulers are concerned.
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69. Who of the following gave the slogan "Turn the imperialist war into a civil war, that is, into a proletarian revolution."? (NET December 2014 Paper II)
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70. Who of the following said that, "the emancipation of the working class is the work of the working class itself"? (NET December 2014 Paper II)
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71. Who among the following defined civil power as "the right of making laws with penalties . . . . for the regulating and preserving of property, and of employing the force of the community, in the execution of such laws all this only for the public good."? (NET December 2014 Paper II)
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72. Who among the following political thinkers are generally regarded as founders of philosophical approach? (NET June 2014 Paper II)
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73. The laws of the dialectic of Marx does not include (NET June 2014 Paper II)
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74. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). (NET June 2014 Paper II)
Assertion (A): For Plato, knowledge is neither perception nor opinion.
Reason (R): Right opinion is knowledge.
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75. Rousseau won the prize in an essay contest sponsored by the Academy of Dijon in 1749 on the subject (NET June 2014 Paper II)
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76. For whom "All existence is simply a matter in motion."? (NET June 2014 Paper II)
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77. Plato appropriated the ideas of (NET June 2014 Paper II)
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78. Which one of the following is not correct regarding Marx's theory of alienation? (NET December 2014 Paper III)
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79. For whom of the following, science is the fruit of idle curiosity; philosophy is mere intellectual frippery; the amenities of polite life is tinsel? (NET December 2014 Paper III)
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80. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2014 Paper III)
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81. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R): (NET December 2014 Paper III)
Assertion (A): For Aristotle the authority of a constitutional ruler over his subjects is quite different from that of a master over his slaves.
Reason (R): Because the slave is inferior from birth and incapable of ruling himself.
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82. Nocturnal Council finds a mention in Plato's (NET December 2014 Paper III)
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83. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2014 Paper III)
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84. Which one of the following statements is not correct in regard to Aristotle's classification of governments? (NET December 2015 Paper II)
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85. Rearrange the following works of Karl Marx in sequential order in terms of Publication Year. (NET December 2015 Paper II)
(A) Critique of Political Economy
(B) Poverty of Philosophy
(C) Communist Manifesto
(D) The Holy Family
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86. Match the items of List-I with items of List-II by selecting the correct answer from the codes: (NET December 2015 Paper II)
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87. Match the following: (NET December 2015 Paper II)
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88. Match the following: (NET December 2015 Paper II)
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89. Plato's communism of family and property was largely derived from the experience of: (NET December 2015 Paper II)
(A) Stagira
(B) Sparta
(C) Athens
(D) Venice
Choose the correct answer:
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90. Arrange the following concepts in order in which they appeared. Use the code given below: (NET June 2015 Paper II)
(A) Democratic Centralism
(B) Feed - Back System
(C) New Democracy
(D) Due Process of Law
Code:
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91. Which one of the following social contract traditions has not been revitalised by John Rawls in his book A Theory of Justice? (NET June 2015 Paper II)
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92. Who among the following compares the organisations of civil society to a powerful system of 'Fortresses and earthworks' standing behind the state? (NET June 2015 Paper II)
Why did Gramsci compare the organisations of civil society to a powerful system of 'Fortresses and earthworks' standing behind the state?
Gramsci compared the organizations of civil society to a powerful system of "fortresses and earthworks" standing behind the state to illustrate their role in upholding the existing power structure. He saw civil society institutions such as churches, schools, media, and cultural organizations as crucial components of hegemony, functioning to maintain the dominance of the ruling class. These institutions shape people's beliefs, values, and identities, effectively fortifying the social order and legitimizing the authority of the state. Gramsci emphasized the need for counter-hegemonic struggles to challenge this entrenched system of power.
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93. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET June 2015 Paper II)
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94. Who among the following said of Rousseau, "Ardent apostle of Reason, he has done more than most to prepare the way for the age of unreason in which he live"? (NET June 2015 Paper II)
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95. Who of the following fled Athens for Calchis, 'in order that the Athenians might not commit a second crime against philosophy'? (NET June 2015 Paper II)
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96. The Magna Carta, the Glorious Revolution and the writings of John Locke all contributed to the strengthening of Great Britain: (NET December 2015 Paper III)
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97. Which of the following statement is correct regarding J. S. Mill? (NET December 2015 Paper III)
(A) State is justified in confirming itself to limited functions
(B) Welfare policies are more important.
(C) State intervention into 'self- regarding' action.
(D) State intervention into 'other regarding action' is justified.
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98. Dialectical materialism of Karl Marx postulates that: (NET December 2015 Paper III)
(A) Matter is in a state of motion.
(B) Motion in the matter is due to the pressure of environment.
(C) Law of transformation is both quantitative and qualitative.
(D) Conflict in matter is continuous and endless.
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99. Which of the following thinkers held the view that the probable mischiefs of obedience are less than the probable mischiefs of resistence. (NET December 2015 Paper III)
Jeremy Bentham on Obedience versus Resistance
Jeremy Bentham suggests that the potential harm or negative consequences arising from obediently following rules or authority are generally less than the potential harm that may result from resisting or disobeying them. Bentham, a utilitarian philosopher, likely considered the overall societal well-being and stability when evaluating the consequences of obedience versus resistance, emphasizing the importance of minimizing harm for the greatest happiness of the greatest number.
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100. "Man must eat before he thinks. To eat he must produce. Production is a basic activity". Who said this? (NET December 2015 Paper III)
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