Sathya Shodhak Samaj, founded in 1873 by social reformer Jyotirao Phule in Maharashtra, aimed to uplift the marginalized and oppressed communities, particularly the lower castes and women, from the domination of Brahmins and upper-caste Hindus. The organization sought to promote social equality, education, and economic rights for all, especially the so-called untouchables and other disadvantaged groups.
Phule’s movement challenged the caste system and religious orthodoxy, advocating for the rights of peasants and laborers. The Samaj encouraged self-respect, rationalism, and the rejection of caste-based discrimination. Phule's work laid the foundation for later social reform movements in India. His ideology of equality and anti-casteism greatly influenced figures like B.R. Ambedkar in their struggle for social justice.
___________________
Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam, founded in 1903 by Dr. Palpu with the guidance of the revered social reformer Sree Narayana Guru, was created to promote social equality and uplift the oppressed Ezhava community in Kerala. The organization aimed to challenge caste-based discrimination and advocate for the educational and social advancement of marginalized communities.
Sree Narayana Guru, a spiritual leader and philosopher, emphasized the principles of "One Caste, One Religion, One God for all," promoting unity and equality among people. Under his leadership, SNDP Yogam focused on reforming social norms, building educational institutions, and empowering disadvantaged groups. The movement significantly contributed to Kerala's progressive social landscape, influencing later social and political reforms in the region.
__________________
The Justice Party, founded in 1916 by Dr. T.M. Nair, P. Theagaraya Chetty, and C. Natesa Mudaliar, was established to represent the interests of non-Brahmin communities in Tamil Nadu (then Madras Presidency) during British India. The party sought to counter the Brahmin dominance in education, government, and public administration, advocating for social equality and increased political representation for non-Brahmins. It played a pivotal role in shaping Dravidian politics and promoting reservations in government jobs.
Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, who later became a prominent leader associated with the movement, initially joined the party and advanced its ideals of rationalism, social justice, and anti-casteism. He eventually transformed the movement into the Self-Respect Movement, promoting atheism and gender equality. The party was involved in electoral politics but after the defeat in 1937 election Periyar transformed the party into a apolitical organization. Although, a fraction of this party remained in the electoral politics.
_________________
Bahiskrit Hitakarmi Sabha, founded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1924, was an organization established to promote the welfare and rights of the "Bahishkrit" or the socially and economically marginalized, particularly the Dalits (formerly known as untouchables). The Sabha aimed to fight caste discrimination, promote education, and secure equal rights for these oppressed communities.
Ambedkar sought to empower the Dalits through education, social reform, and political mobilization. The Sabha organized various activities to raise awareness about caste-based injustices and fought for the inclusion of Dalits in public services and opportunities. This organization laid the groundwork for Ambedkar’s later efforts in drafting the Indian Constitution and advocating for the abolition of untouchability and equal rights for all citizens.
