###Richard Snyder is known for his work in international relations and decision-making theory. One of his notable contributions is the "perception and misperception" approach to foreign policy analysis. According to this approach, decision-makers' perceptions of the world can be inaccurate, leading to misperceptions that influence their policy choices and actions.

Snyder argued that decision-makers often simplify complex situations to make them more manageable, but this simplification can lead to errors in judgment. He also highlighted the role of cognitive biases, such as mirror imaging (assuming others think like oneself) and the fundamental attribution error (overestimating the role of personal traits and underestimating situational factors in others' behavior), in shaping decision-making processes.

Overall, Snyder's work underscores the importance of understanding decision-makers' perceptions and biases in analyzing foreign policy decisions and outcomes.
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###Morton Kaplan was a political scientist known for his work in international relations theory, particularly in the area of system theory. Kaplan's approach emphasized the interdependence of various elements within a system, such as states in the international system.

One of Kaplan's key concepts was the idea of "holism," which suggests that the whole of a system is greater than the sum of its parts. He argued that to understand international relations, one must consider the entire system, including its structure, processes, and dynamics, rather than focusing solely on individual states or actors.

Kaplan also highlighted the importance of "feedback loops" in system dynamics, where the effects of actions within a system can influence future actions and outcomes. This emphasis on feedback mechanisms underscores the complex and dynamic nature of international relations.

Overall, Kaplan's system theory provides a framework for analyzing and understanding the complexities of international politics, emphasizing the interconnectedness and interdependence of states and other actors within the global system.
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###Karl Deutsch, a political scientist, made significant contributions to the study of communication in international relations. He emphasized the role of communication in creating and maintaining social systems, including states and the international system.

Deutsch argued that communication is essential for the functioning of complex social systems, as it allows for the transmission of information, coordination of activities, and the establishment of shared meanings and norms. In the context of international relations, he viewed communication as a key mechanism for reducing conflict and promoting cooperation among states.

One of Deutsch's notable concepts is the "security community," which refers to a group of states that have developed a high level of trust and communication, to the extent that they no longer see each other as threats to their security. Deutsch believed that such communities could help prevent conflicts and contribute to stability in international relations.

Overall, Deutsch's work highlights the importance of communication in shaping international relations and suggests that effective communication can play a crucial role in promoting peace and cooperation among states.

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###Michael Doyle is a political scientist known for his work in international relations theory, particularly in the area of liberal or idealist theory. Doyle's work has focused on the democratic peace theory and the Kantian peace theory.

The democratic peace theory, which Doyle has contributed to, argues that democracies are less likely to go to war with one another. This theory suggests that democratic norms, institutions, and processes create a more peaceful international environment.

Doyle's Kantian peace theory builds on this idea, drawing from the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Kant argued that republican (or democratic) forms of government, coupled with a federation of states and a cosmopolitan law, could lead to perpetual peace among nations. Doyle has applied these ideas to contemporary international relations, suggesting that the spread of democracy and the development of international institutions can contribute to a more peaceful world order.

Overall, Doyle's work reflects the idealist tradition in international relations, which emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and institutions in shaping international politics, particularly in promoting peace and cooperation among states.

Liberalism in International Relations (IR) theory is characterized by its belief in the potential for cooperation, institutions, and norms to foster peaceful relations among states. It emphasizes the promotion of democratic values, human rights, international law, and economic interdependence as means to achieve stability and cooperation in the international system. Therefore, option (C) accurately reflects the core tenets of liberalism in IR theory.

The concept of 'spillover' is found in the theory of Neofunctionalism, particularly in the context of regional integration, such as the European Union.

Neofunctionalism, developed by political theorists like Ernst B. Haas, explains how integration in one sector (e.g., economic cooperation) tends to "spill over" into other sectors, creating a momentum for further integration in areas such as politics, security, or social policy. The idea is that cooperation in one domain creates pressures and incentives for deeper cooperation in other domains, leading to the gradual expansion of supranational governance.