Political Development - Political Science Coaching Centre

Created by

Dr. S. H. Sarkar

Political Development

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1. Match the following: (KARNATAKA SET 2016 PAPER II)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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2. Assertion (A): According to Lucian Pye, political development is characterised by equality, capacity and differentiation.

Reason (R): A State should attempt to strengthen these aspects of development.

Codes :

(KARNATAKA SET 2016 PAPER II)

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not correct explanation of (A)

(C) (A) is true (R) is false

(D) (A) false but (R) true

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3. Lucian Pye has described the characteristics of political development as (KARNATAKA SET 2017 PAPER II)

(A) equality, capacity and differentiation

(B) administrative, economic and social

(C) modern, participative and nationalistic

(D) political unification, economic development and national welfare

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4. Lucian Pye is associated with (KARNATAKA SET 2018 PAPER II)

(A) Traditional Approach

(B) Development Syndrome

(C) Federal Studies

(D) Socialism

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5. The term political development is associated with: (GUJARAT SET JULY 2004)

(A) Brandt report

(B) Gunnar Myrdal

(C) Lucian Pye

(D) Paul Sweezy

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6. Lucian W. Pye refers to which crisis in the way of political development? (GUJARAT SET 2011)

(A) Identity crisis

(B) Legitimacy crisis

(C) Integration crisis

(D) All of the above

What does lead the system to Political Development?

Ans: The international environment, the domestic society, the political elites within the political system itself. Situations in the international sphere like wars or aggressions bring conditions of change in the political system. Besides, events taking place within the system may also have the same effect.

Development results when the existing structure and culture of the political system are unable "to cope with the problem or challenge which confronts it without further structural differentiation and cultural secularisation." If so, the following challenges that may lead to political development:

David M. Wood outlined several challenges related to political development, which can be summarized as follows:

Problem of State-Building:
- Arises when domestic or international threats endanger the state’s survival.
- Events like wars, external aggression, or shifts in elite goals can create such threats.
- State-building involves creating structures and organizations to regulate society, extract resources, and build a central bureaucracy that fosters obedience and compliance.
Problem of Nation-Building:
- Involves shifting people's loyalty from local or tribal units to a larger central system.
- While state-building might succeed, nation-building can lag, posing risks to political stability.
Problem of Participation:
- Various groups in society push for a role in decision-making.
- This leads to the creation of political parties, factions, and groups, expanding demands for inclusion and influencing decisions.
Problem of Distribution:
- Concerns how national income and opportunities are shared.
- Ensures that distribution is fair and merit-based, without discrimination based on religion, caste, or other factors.
- Related to welfare policies aiming for the common good and equal opportunities for all.

Almond and Powell not only look towards the problems of political development from their structural-functional approach, they also hint at five major factors that must be considered in such an analysis. They are:

(i) Nature of the Problems Confronting a Political System

(ii) Resources of the System

(iii) Effect of Foreign Social Systems

(iv) Functioning Pattern of the System

(v) Response of the Political Elites

Lucian W. Pye has identified four major crises of the Political System

(i) Identity Crisis

(ii) Legitimacy Crisis

(iii) Penetration Crisis

(iv) Participation Crisis

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7. Literature on political development stresses that: (GUJARAT SET 2013 PAPER II)

(A) Political development must precede economic development

(B) Economic development must precede political developmentc

(C) Political and economic development must proceed simultaneously

(D) Economic development inequitably leads to political

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8. ‘Political Development and Political Decay’ is a paper published in 1965 by: (KERALA SET JULY 2023)

A) Leonardo Binder

B) Myron Weiner

C) David Apter

D) Samuel P Huntington

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9. Political development syndrome in view of Behavioral theorists does not include: (KERALA SET JANUARY 2023)

A) Equality involving popular rule

B) Capacity involving efficiency

C) Differentiation involving specialization

D) Homogeneity involving unity

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10. Who among the following linked political development with administrative development? (CUET PG 2024)

1. James Coleman

2. Lucian Pye

3. David Easton

4. Max Weber

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11. How many features of political development were listed by Lucian Pye? (Himachal Pradesh SET 2017)

(A) 5

(B) 10

(C) 15

(D) 20

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12. Who conceived political development as a balance between political participation and institutionalization? (SLET 17th March 2024)

(A) Kaplan

(B) Huntington

(C) Lenin

(D) Engels

Samuel P. Huntington, in his seminal work Political Order in Changing Societies (1968), presented a nuanced conception of political development as the balance between political participation and political institutionalization. Huntington argued that political development should be understood not just in terms of economic growth or modernization but in terms of the stability and adaptability of political systems.

Key Points of Huntington’s Conception of Political Development:

Political Participation vs. Institutionalization:
- Huntington emphasized that political participation—the engagement of the population in political processes—must be balanced by the institutionalization of political organizations and procedures. Political participation refers to the active involvement of citizens in politics, whether through voting, activism, or other means.
- Institutionalization means the development of stable, valued, and functioning political institutions that can manage political demands and maintain order. This includes political parties, legislative bodies, and legal frameworks that define and regulate political behavior.
Dangers of Rapid Participation without Institutionalization:
- Huntington warned that when societies experience rapid increases in political participation without the corresponding development of robust political institutions, it can lead to political instability and disorder.
- In newly decolonized or rapidly modernizing states, increasing public engagement without the presence of strong political structures can result in chaos, as there is no mechanism to manage demands and mediate conflicts.
- He famously stated, “the most important political distinction among countries concerns not their form of government but their degree of government.”
Institutionalization as the Stabilizer:
- For Huntington, institutionalization is crucial because it provides mechanisms for handling societal pressures, managing participation, and ensuring political continuity. Strong institutions can absorb and channel participation constructively.
- These institutions develop procedures, norms, and practices that help maintain order and mediate between competing interests. Their effectiveness determines the capacity of the political system to adapt and endure over time.
Indicators of Institutionalization:
- Huntington identified four key characteristics that measure the level of institutionalization: adaptability, complexity, autonomy, and coherence.
  - Adaptability: The institution’s ability to change in response to new challenges.
  - Complexity: The range and diversity of functions an institution can perform.
  - Autonomy: The degree to which an institution is independent from external pressures.
  - Coherence: The internal unity and ability of the institution to function consistently.
Examples of Imbalance:
- Huntington cited cases where a surge in political participation without the requisite political structures led to instability, such as in many post-colonial states where new political movements were strong but institutions were weak or underdeveloped.
- He contrasted these with developed nations, where institutional structures have evolved to manage participation effectively, contributing to political stability.
Balance for Political Development:
- Huntington proposed that sustainable political development occurs when participation and institutionalization progress in tandem. Societies that achieve a balance between these elements can handle political participation without descending into chaos.
- He highlighted that political order and stability are prerequisites for any type of progress, economic or otherwise. Therefore, fostering institutional strength is key to enduring political development.

Conclusion:

Huntington’s view of political development as a balance between political participation and institutionalization underscores the importance of building strong, adaptable political institutions to manage and channel the energy of an engaged citizenry. Without this balance, he argued, political systems are vulnerable to turmoil, as they cannot cope with increased demands and pressures from society. This framework has had a lasting impact on the study of political science, shaping how scholars and policymakers understand the complexities of political stability and modernization.

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13. Consider the following statements regarding Political Development : (RAJASTHAN SET 2013 PART 2)

(A) Huntington opposes the stage theorists.

(B) Huntington mentions three stages of Political Development.

(C) Along with Political Development, Huntington also describes Political Decay.

Codes :

(1) Only (B) and (C) are correct.

(2) Only (A) and (B) are correct.

(3) Only (C) is correct.

(4) (A), (B) and (C) all are correct

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14. In the context of Political Development, Lucian Pye's concept of 'Equality' has been identified by Almond as : (RAJASTHAN SET 2013 PART 2)

(1) State building

(2) Cultural secularization

(3) Role Differentiation

(4) Nation building

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15. According to Edward Shils, the political development of a country should be measured on the basis of: (GUJARAT SET 2017 AUG PAPER II)

(A) Political institutions

(B) International status

(C) Economic development

(D) Social and economic development

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16. According to Almond which is not a condition for political development? (GUJARAT SET 2016 PAPER 3)

(A) Availability of resources

(B) Adequate challenges response to

(C) Overlapping of stages of development

(D) Congruent development of the other social systems

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17. Who among the following stated that a developing society in order to reach the goals of development would have to pass through the stages of political unification, industrialization, national welfare and abundance? (GUJARAT SET 2016 PAPER 3)

(A) Rostow

(B) Organski

(C) Lucien Pye

(D) David Apter

A. F. K. Organski, in his theory of political development, proposed that societies progress through distinct stages to achieve development. Each stage represents a different level of societal complexity and economic and political organization. Here’s a brief explanation of each stage:

Political Unification: This stage involves the formation of a cohesive state with centralized authority. It is characterized by the consolidation of power and the creation of institutions that unify disparate groups within a territory. The focus is on building a strong, centralized government that can maintain order, integrate diverse communities, and create a sense of national identity.
Industrialization: After achieving political unity, the next stage is industrialization. This phase focuses on economic transformation through the development of industry, technology, and infrastructure. Industrialization stimulates economic growth, increases productivity, and supports the creation of jobs, which in turn promotes overall national wealth.
National Welfare: As industrialization progresses, attention shifts to improving the standard of living for citizens. This stage emphasizes the implementation of policies that ensure equitable distribution of resources and access to essential services such as education, healthcare, and social security. The aim is to address socio-economic disparities and provide a safety net for the population.
Abundance: The final stage is marked by economic maturity and prosperity. In this phase, the society enjoys widespread wealth and a high standard of living. The focus is on sustaining development and ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are accessible to all members of society, fostering long-term stability and well-being.

Organski’s stages illustrate how political, economic, and social development are interconnected, with each stage building on the previous one to achieve comprehensive national development.

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18. Given below are two statements, one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other Reason (R). (KERALA SET 2017 FEBRUARY)

Assertion (A): According to Lucian Pye, political development is characterized by equality, capacity and differentiation.

Reason (R): A state should attempt to strengthen these aspects of development

A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) .

B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

C) (A) is true but (R) is false.

D) (A) is false but(R) is true.

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19. What is the correct sequence of the following characteristics of political development? (KERALA SET 2018 FEBRUARY)

1. Capacity

2. Equality

3. Differentiation

Code:

A) 1, 2, 3

B) 2, 1, 3

C) 3, 1, 2

D) 3, 2, l

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20. Who considered political development as mobilisation and power? (KERALA SET 2018 FEBRUARY)

A) Lucian Pye

B) Rostow

C) Edward Shills

D) Coleman

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21. Which of the following is not a major determinant of political development? (KERALA SET 2022 JULY)

A) Equality

B) Justice

C) Capacity

D) Differentiation with specialization

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22. Assertion (A): According to Lucian Pye, Political development is characterized by equality, capacity and differentiation.

Reason (R): A State should attempt to strengthen these aspects of development

(KERALA SET 2022 JANUARY)

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

C) A is true but R is false.

D) A is false but R is true.

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23. Which among the following are the crises in political development described by Lucian Pye (NET 2023 JUNE Shift I)

A. Identify crises

B. Legitimacy crisis

C. Penetration crisis

D. Welfare crisis

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. B, C and D only

2. A, C and D only

3. A. B and C only

4. A. B and D only

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24. The characteristics of 'equality, capacity and differentiation' of political development were described as "developmental syndrome" by whom? (WEST BENGAL SET 2015)

(A) James Coleman

(B) Leonard Binder

(C) Myron Weiner

(D) David Apteri

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25. Who wrote the book "Aspects of Political Development"? (MAHARASHTRA SET 2016 PAPER II)

(A) Gabriel Almond

(B) Samuel Huntington

(C) David Apter

(D) Lucian Pye

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26. According to Gabriel Almond, which is not the principle of political development? (MAHARASHTRA SET 2017 PAPER III)

(A) Structural differentiation

(B) Secularization of political culture

(C) Institutionalization

(D) Centralization

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27. Which among the following thinkers is not associated with the concept of Political Development? (MAHARASHTRA SET 2017 PAPER II)

(A) Lucian Pye

(B) C. B. Macpherson

(C) W. W. Rustow

(D) Edward Shills

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28. Which one of the following works does not contribute to the study of political development? (KERALA SET 2015 DECEMBER)

1. Paul A. Baran - The Political Economy of Growth

2. Myron Weiner - Social Mobilization and Political Development

3. Gabriel A. Almond and James S. Coleman - The Politics of the Developing Areas

4. H. Silvert - Expectant Peoples: Nationalism and Development

A) 1 only

B) 2 only

C) 3 only

D) 4 only

E) All of the above contributes to the Study of Political Development

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29. “Political Socialisation may be defined as those development processes through which persons acquire political orientations and patterns of behaviour” - Whose view is this? (KERALA SET 2017 FEBRUARY)

A) David Easton

B) Almond and PowellC) Almond and Verba

C) Almond and Verba

D) Alan R. Ball

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30. Who identified Political Development with multi-dimensional social change? (KERALA SET 2017 FEBRUARY)

A) Edward Shils

B) Harold Lasswell

C) Barbara Ward

D) Daniel Leaner

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31. Arrange in ascending order the following stages of political development as enunciated by A.F. Organski. Select the correct answer from codes given below (WB SET 2015 Paper III)

(i) Primitive National Unification

(ii) Abundance

(iii) Industrialisation

(iv) National Welfare

Codes:

(A) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(B) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)

(C) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)

(D) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)

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32. Match the books (List II) with their authors (List I) by identifying the correct code: (WB SET 2017 Paper III)

A

B

C

D

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33. Who defined Political development as ratio of political institutionalization to social mobility? (Kerala SET July 2024)

A) Edward Shills

B) Cardoso

C) Samir Amin

D) Huntington

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34. Choose the correct statements regarding Comparative Politics. (NET August 2024 Shift II)

A. In traditional approach, emphasis is on value-laden study of politics.

B. Behavioural approach is one of the important traditional approach.

C. David Easton is one of the leading theorist of Behaviouralism.

D. David Easton's input-output analysis has three main variables in the form of demands, supports and feedbacks.

E. 'Political assasination is one of the important positive indices of political development.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. B, C, E Only

2. A, B, C, D, E

3. A, B, C, D Only

4. A, C, D Only

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35. Assertion (A): According to Luciyan Pye, political development is characterized by equality, capacity and differentiation

Reason (R): A state should attempt to strengthen these aspects of developments

(Kerala SET January 2024)

A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

C) A is true but R is false

D) A is false but R is true

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36. According to Lucian Pye, the key elements of political development are: (NET December 2004)

(A) Equality, Capacity and Differentiation

(B) Urbanisation, Industrialisation and Participation

(C) Political Unification, Industrialisation and National Welfare

(D) Integration, Participation and Distribution

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37. Arrange the following books in order in which they appeared. Use the code given below: (NET December 2005)

I. ‘The Politics of Developing Area'

II. ‘Modern Politics of Government’

III. 'The Political Process’

IV. ‘Aspect of Political Development’

(A) IV, III, I, II

(B) I, II, III, IV

(C) II, I, III, IV

(D) III, I, IV, II

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38. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET December 2006)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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39. Who among the following liberated political development from socio-economic modernisation? (NET December 2008)

(A) Gabriel Almond

(B) Lucian Pye

(C) W. W. Rostow

(D) Samuel Huntington

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40. According to Organski, the stages of political development are (NET December 2009 Paper II)

Unification
Industrialization
Abundance
National Welfare

Identify the correct chronological sequence of the above from the codes given below:

(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4

(B) 1, 2, 4 and 3

(C) 1, 3, 4 and 2

(D) 2, 1, 3 and 4

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41. Which one of the following is not one of the indicators of political development? (NET December 2011 Paper II)

(A) Capacity

(B) Equality

(C) Fraternity

(D) Differentiation

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42. Who among the following identified the crises in political development on the basis of his study of England? (NET June 2012 Paper II)

(a) A. F. K. Organski

(b) Lucian W. Pye

(c) Edward Shils

(d) David Apter

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43. Who among the following is associated with the "will and capacity" approach to the study of political development? (NET December 2012 Paper III)

(a) Lucian Pye

(b) Organski

(c) Halpern

(d) David Apter

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44. Who among the following attached great importance to a balance between the principles of equality and capacity in political development? (NET December 2012 Paper III)

(a) Lucian Pye

(b) Huntington

(c) Fred Riggs

(d) Danil Lerner

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45. Who among the following identifies political development with the "institutionalisation of political organisations and procedures"? (NET June 2012 Paper III)

(a) Huntington

(b) Lucian Pye

(c) Organski

(d) Almond

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46. Arrange in ascending order the following stages of Political Development as enunciated by A. F. K. Organski. Select the correct answer from codes given below: (NET December 2013 Paper II)

i. Primitive National Unification

ii. Abundance

iii. Industrialisation

iv. National Welfare

Codes:

(a) i, ii, iii, iv

(b) i, iii, ii, iv

(c) i, iii, iv, ii

(d) iv, ii, iii, i

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47. Who among the following challenged the idea of political development as an unilinear process? (NET June 2013 Paper II)

(a) Shils

(b) Huntington

(c) Almond

(d) Halpren

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48. Which of the following, according to Lucian Pye, are the crises of Political development? (NET December 2013 Paper III)

Crisis of Identity
Crisis of Legitimacy
Crisis of Leadership
Crisis of Integrity

Codes:

(a) 1, 2

(b) 2, 3

(c) 3, 4

(d) 1, 4

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49. According to Almond, which one is not a condition for political development? (NET June 2013 Paper III)

(a) Availability of resources

(b) Adequate response to challenges

(c) Overlapping of stages of development

(d) Congruent development of the other social systems

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50. The crises described by Leonard Binder et al. in their book "crises and sequences in Political Development" are: (NET December 2015 Paper II)

(A) Identity crises

(B) Integration crises

(C) Legitimacy crises

(D) Resource Mobilisation crises

Codes:

(a) (A)

(b) (A), (B)

(c) (A), (B), (C)

(d) (A), (B), (C), (D)

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51. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes given below: (NET June 2015 Paper II)

Assertion (A): Political development approach came under criticism in the mid-1960s.

Reason (R): The approach based on the experiences of the United States and Western Europe had limited relevance in the Third world.

Codes:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(c) (A) is true but (R) is false

(d) (A) is false but (R) is true

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52. The roots of newly emerging forces of globalisation have been traced in specific economic and political developments in the late 1980s or early 1990s. Which of the following can not be included in this category? (NET December 2015 Paper III)

(a) The end of Cold War.

(b) Testing of nuclear devices by India and Pakistan in 1998.

(c) Dismantling of state socialism in the USSR.

(d) The collapse of the Berlin wall.

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53. What is the correct sequence of the following characteristics of political development? (NET June 2015 Paper III)

(A) Capacity

(B) Equality

(C) Differentiation

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(a) (A), (B) and (C)

(b) (B), (A) and (C)

(c) (C), (A) and (B)

(d) (C), (B) and (A)

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54. Who among the following contended that political development is administrative and legal development? (NET July 2016 Paper II)

(A) R. Rostow

(B) Talcott Parsons

(C) Sorokin

(D) Max Waber

Codes:

(a) (A) and (D)

(b) (B) and (D)

(c) (A) and (C)

(d) (B) and (C)

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55. The progressive comparativists in political development do not emphasize in one of the following: (NET January 2017 Paper III)

(a) Under development

(b) Dependency

(c) Imperialism

(d) Modernization

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56. Who among the following described political development as "administrative and legal development"? (NET July 2018 Paper II)

(a) Paul Baron

(b) James S. Coleman

(c) Edward Shills

(d) Max Weber

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57. The book "Aspects of Political Development" is written by (NET December 2019 Paper II)

(a) Lucian Pye

(b) G. A. Almond

(c) G. H. Sabine

(d) Maurice Duverger

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58. Who has given the concept of Political Development? (BHU MA 2018)

(1) Samuel Huntington

(2) Lucian Pye

(3) Sidney Verba

(4) David Easton

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59. Who wrote the book "Political Culture and Political Development"? (BSTET 2024)

1. Almond and Powell

2. Almond and Coleman

3. Lucian Pye

4. Huntington

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60. Industrial Development is the pre-requisite of Political Development is the view of: (BSTET 2024)

1. W. W. Rostow

2. Lucian Pye

3. Paul Baran

4. None of these

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61. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). (NET March 2023 Shift I)

Assertion (A): Political culture is a set of beliefs and sentiments about politics as embodied in the verbal and non-verbal behaviour of the people.

Reason (R): The typological and morphological models of political culture denote that there can be as many political cultures as the dynamics of political development in political systems.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

2. Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)

3. (A) is correct but (R) is not correct

4. (A) is not correct but (R) is correct

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62. According to Samuel Huntington, Political Development takes place when (WEST BENGAL SET 2018 PAPER II)

(A) mass mobilization and participation are more than institutionalisation.

(B) mass mobilization and participation are lesser than institutionalization.

(C) there is rigidity in the institutions.

(D) there is no generational change in the institutions.

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63. Who among the following identifies political development with the institutionalization of political organizations and procedures? (WEST BENGAL SET 2022)

(A) Samuel Huntington

(B) Lucian Pye

(C) Gabriel Almond

(D) Jean Blondel

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64. Who among the following has defined political development as “increased differentiation and specialization of political structure and increased secularisation of political culture”. (MAHARASHTRA SET 2018 PAPER III)

(A) Samuel P. Huntington

(B) David Easton

(C) Gabriel A. Almond and G.B. Powell

(D) Alfred Diamont

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65. Find the mismatch(es) in the works and their authors (KERALA SET 2015 DECEMBER)

1. Karl Duestch - Nationalism and Social Communication

2. F. Organski - The Stages of Political Development

3. Talcott Parsons - The Structure of Social Action

4. David Apter - The Politics of Modernization

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 3 and 4 only

C) 1 only

D) None of the above

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66. “ Political Development and Political Decay” is a paper published in 1965 by: (KERALA SET 2021 JULY)

A) Lucian Pye

B) La Palombara

C) Samuel P Huntington

D) James Coleman

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67. The scholar who analysed political development along with political decay: (KERALA SET 2022 JANUARY)

A) Riggs

B) Huntington

C) Lucian Pye

D) Apter

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68. Who described political development as institutionalisation? (KARNATAKA SET 2014 PAPER III)

(A) Aristotle

(B) Lasswell

(C) Samuel Huntington

(D) Robert Dahl

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69. Political socialisation is the most promising approach to understand political development because (KARNATAKA SET 2018 PAPER II)

(A) The process of political socialisation is a continuous one

(B) Attitudes are established during infancy and untouched after the age of ten

(C) Socialisation inducts individuals into cultural and developmental process

(D) Socialisation takes the form of either manifest (or) latent transmission

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70. Who of the following wrote extensively on such topics as bureaucracy, forms of authority and the impact of culture on economic and political development? (GUJARAT SET 2018)

(A) Karl Marx

(B) Max Weber

(C) Talcott Parsons

(D) David Easton

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71. Who among the following challenged the idea of political development as a unilinear process? (GUJARAT SET 2018)

(A) Edward Shils

(B) S. P. Huntington

(C) Gabriel Almond

(D) Sydney Verba

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72. Who among the following scholars discussed political decay while discussing political development? (GUJARAT SET 2023)

(A) Samuel P. Huntington

(B) Lucian Pye

(C) A. F. K. Organski

(D) Walt W. Rostow

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73. Who among the following categorized the elements of Political Development as Equality, Capacity, and Differentiation? (KERALA SET JULY 2023)

A) James Coleman

B) Lucian Pye

C) Almond

D) Rostow

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74. Among the following who classified the elements of political development as equality, capacity and differentiation: (KERALA SET JANUARY 2023)

A) James Coleman

B) W. W. Rostow

C) Edward Shills

D) Lucian Pye

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75. According to Lucian Pye the key elements of political development are (GUJARAT SET 2022)

(A) Equality, capacity, differentiation

(B) Urbanisation, industrialisation, participation

(C) Political unification, industrialisation and national welfare

(D) Integration, participation and distribution

76 / 87

76. According to Gabriel Almond, which mone of the following elements is not a condition for political development? (GUJARAT SET 2019 DEC)

(A) Availability of resources

(B) Adequate Challenges response to

(C) Overlapping stages of development

(D) Congruent development of the other social systems

77 / 87

77. Who is the author of the seminal work 'Politics, Personality and Nation Building'? (JAMMU & KASHMIR SET JUNE 2022)

(A) Robert Wiarda

(B) Lucian Pye

(C) Sydney Verba

(D) Robert Putnam

78 / 87

78. The correct order of following characteristics of political development (RAJASTHAN SET 2012 PART 2)

A. Capacity

B. Differentiations

C. Equality

(1) A, B, C

(2) C, B, A

(3) C, A, B

(4) B, C, A

79 / 87

79. Which of the following is not included in the three dimensions of political development, as per Lucian Pye? (RAJASTHAN SET 2012 PART 1)

(1) Equality

(2) Capacity

(3) Differentiations

(4) Industrialization

80 / 87

80. Which of the following, according to Lucien Pye, are the crises of political development? (GUJARAT SET 2017 AUG PAPER II)

(a) Crisis of Identity

(b) Crisis of Legitimacy

(c) Crisis of Leadership

(d) Crisis of Integrity

Select the correct answer from the codes given below.

(A) (a), (b)

(B) (b), (c)

(C) (c), (d)

(D) (a), (d)

81 / 87

81. Which of the following are the three components of political development according to Francis Fukuyama? (RAJASTHAN SET 2020 PART 2)

(1) The state, Rule of law, Accountability

(2) The state, Rule of law, Human rights

(3) Rule of Law, Human rights, Accountability

(4) The state, Human rights, Accountability

82 / 87

82. Match names of List I with ideas of List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (WB SET 2017 Paper III)

A

B

C

D

83 / 87

83. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below: (WB SET 2017 Paper III)

A

B

C

D

84 / 87

84. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (SLET 2023)

(i) Dependency theory - Samir Amin

(ii) Theory of development - Lucian Pye

(iii) Theory of Alienation - Karl Marx

(iv) Theory of Negative Liberty - John Rawls

Correct answer:

(A) (i), (ii), (iv) are correct

(B) (i), (iii), (iv) are correct

(C) (ii), (iii), (iv) are correct

(D) (i), (ii), (iii) are correct

85 / 87

85. Match List-I with List-II: (NET June 2019 Paper II)

(a) (A)-(iii); (B)-(i); (C)-(ii); (D)–(iv)

(b) (A)-(i); (B)-(iii); (C)-(iv); (D)–(ii)

(c) (A)-(iii); (B)-(i); (C)-(iv); (D)–(ii)

(d) (A)-(ii); (B)-(iii); (C)-(iv); (D)–(i)

Samuel P. Huntington, a prominent political scientist, is best known for his analysis of the waves of democratization in his influential book "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century," published in 1991. In this work, Huntington outlines a framework for understanding the historical patterns of democratization across the world, categorizing these developments into distinct "waves."

Key Concepts of Huntington's Waves of Democratization:

First Wave (1828-1926):
- This wave began with the expansion of suffrage in the United States and spread to Europe and Latin America. It was characterized by the establishment of liberal democracies, driven by factors like the Industrial Revolution, the rise of the middle class, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas.
- The wave began to recede in the 1920s, leading to a period of authoritarianism and totalitarian regimes in several countries.
Second Wave (1943-1962):
- This wave emerged after World War II, particularly with the decolonization of Asia and Africa. It saw the establishment of democratic governments in many newly independent states, as well as a resurgence of democracy in Europe.
- The second wave faced challenges in the late 1950s and 1960s, with many democracies experiencing instability, leading to military coups and the rise of authoritarianism.
Third Wave (1974-1990s):
- The third wave began with the Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974, which led to the collapse of authoritarian regimes in Southern Europe. It rapidly spread to Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe.
- This wave was characterized by a series of transitions from authoritarian rule to democratic governance, facilitated by factors such as economic development, globalization, the role of civil society, and the impact of international organizations advocating for democracy.
- Huntington emphasized that the third wave was not uniform; it involved various paths and outcomes, with some countries successfully transitioning to stable democracies while others reverted to authoritarianism.

Key Factors Influencing Democratization:

Huntington identified several factors that contribute to waves of democratization:

Economic Development: Increased wealth and education often lead to demands for greater political participation and accountability.
Political Culture: The values and attitudes of a society influence its capacity for democracy. A culture supportive of democratic norms and practices enhances the prospects for democratization.
International Influences: External factors, such as foreign policy, international norms, and support for democratic movements, can facilitate or hinder the democratization process.
Political Elites: The decisions and strategies of political elites play a crucial role in either fostering democratic transitions or resisting change.

_______________

86 / 87

86. Identify the incorrect pair (DU MA 2019)

1. Political Development - Lucian W. Pye

2. Dependency theory - A. G. Frank

3. Civic Culture - Sydney Verba

4. Modernization theory - Amartya Sen

87 / 87

87. Arrange these books in the chronological order (year of first publication) in an ascending order and choose the correct answer from the codes given below. (GUJARAT SET 2023)

a. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto by W.W. Rostow

b. The Passing of Traditional Society by Daniel Lerner

c. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Times by Karl Polanyi

d. Bureaucracy and Political Development by Joseph La Palombara

Codes:

(A) a, b, d, c

(B) c, b, a, d

(C) a, b, c, d

(D) c, b, d, a

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Key Points of Huntington’s Conception of Political Development:

Conclusion:

Key Concepts of Huntington's Waves of Democratization:

Key Factors Influencing Democratization: