1. Consider the following statement: (KARNATAKA SET 2016 PAPER III)

1.      Marsiglio of Padua showed preference for city state.

2.      Marsiglio asserted that the reason for the existence of the state was to be found in the welfare of the ruled and not the rulers.

3.      Marsiglio held that politics must be founded on reason, not on theology or faith.

4.      Marsiglio held that rule by elites was far superior to the rule by the multitude.

Of the above statements:

2. Who is credited to have formulated a principle of medieval Secularism? (JNU MA 2020)

3. Which thinker opposed the claim to Papal supremacy? (MAHARASHTRA SET 2016 PAPER II)