To arrange these ideologies and philosophical traditions in chronological order of their development, we consider the historical context of their emergence:

1. Positivism – Developed in the early 19th century by Auguste Comte, it focuses on scientific reasoning and empirical evidence as the basis of knowledge.
2. Liberalism – A political and philosophical tradition rooted in the ideas of the Enlightenment (17th and 18th centuries) but formalized primarily in the late 18th and early 19th centuries with thinkers like John Locke, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill.
3. Socialism – Emerged in the early to mid-19th century as a critique of capitalism, with thinkers like Robert Owen, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels.
4. Anarchism – A political philosophy advocating stateless societies, gaining prominence with figures like Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin in the mid to late 19th century.

Chronological Order

The correct sequence is:
(i) Liberalism → (iii) Positivism → (ii) Socialism → (iv) Anarchism

(4) Its motive is welfare of citizens.

Explanation:

Robert Nozick, in Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), critiques the welfare state and defends a minimal state that only protects individual rights, such as life, liberty, and property.

• (1) It is intrinsically immoral. ✅ Correct in the anarchist view, but Nozick does not fully endorse it.

  • Nozick acknowledges anarchist concerns about state coercion but ultimately argues for a minimal state rather than complete anarchy.

• (2) It maintains monopoly on the use of force. ✅ Correct

  • Nozick, like anarchists, acknowledges that the state monopolizes violence. However, he argues that a minimal state can be justified if it arises through legitimate means.

• (3) It violates individual rights. ✅ Correct

  • Nozick criticizes redistributive policies (e.g., taxation for welfare) as a violation of individual rights, particularly property rights. He believes individuals should not be forced to support others.

• (4) Its motive is welfare of citizens. ❌ Incorrect (the state Nozick justifies is not a welfare state)

  • Nozick rejects the idea that the state should focus on welfare. Instead, he argues that the state's only role should be to protect individual rights through police, courts, and defense, without redistributive policies.

Hedley Bull (1932–1985) was a giant in the field of International Relations (IR) and a primary figure in the "English School" of thought. He is best known for his 1977 masterpiece, The Anarchical Society, which argues that the world isn't just a chaotic "system" of states, but a society of states that shares certain norms and rules even without a central government.

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Martin Wight was a key thinker of the English School in International Relations.

His major works include Power Politics (1946), Systems of States (1977), and International Theory: The Three Traditions (1991, posthumous).

Wight’s central argument is that international politics can be understood through three traditions: Realism (Machiavellian), which emphasizes power and conflict; Rationalism (Grotian), which stresses international society, law, and diplomacy; and Revolutionism (Kantian), which focuses on moral unity and global community. He argued that states do not exist in pure anarchy but form an “international society” governed by shared norms and institutions. Wight highlighted the importance of history, diplomacy, and ethical considerations, rejecting purely scientific approaches. His work bridges realism and idealism, showing that international relations involve a complex interaction of power, rules, and moral purpose.

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Joseph Nye (1937–2025) was a towering figure in International Relations (IR), best known for cofounding neoliberalism and pioneering the concept of "Soft Power." A professor at Harvard and a former high-ranking official in the State and Defense Departments, Nye's work focused on how states can achieve their goals through cooperation and attraction rather than just military force.

_____________

He was a well-known American scholar in International Relations (IR). His work mainly focused on how global politics is shaped not just by states, but also by non-state actors and complex interactions.

Key ideas:

• Turbulence in world politics → He argued that global politics is increasingly unstable and complex.
• Post-international politics → Politics is no longer controlled only by nation-states; individuals, NGOs, and multinational corporations also matter.
• Fragmegration (fragmentation + integration) → The world is simultaneously becoming more connected and more divided.

Important works:

• The Study of World Politics (2006–2007) (2 volumes)
• Turbulence in World Politics (1990)
• Along the Domestic–Foreign Frontier — (1997)