Hegel borrowed the following idea from Kant -

1. Subjective Contribution: Hegel adopted Kant's idea of the subjective contribution of the mind in shaping experience.
2. Dialectical Method: Hegel's dynamic process of thesis-antithesis-synthesis was influenced by Kant's synthetic a priori judgments.
3. Reason's Role: Like Kant, Hegel emphasized the role of reason, seeking to reconcile subjectivity and objectivity.
4. Overcoming Dualism: Hegel aimed to overcome what he perceived as Kant's dualism between the noumenal and phenomenal realms.
5. Absolute Idealism: Hegel's system culminated in Absolute Idealism, where the mind and the world are interconnected, forming a unified whole.

To arrange them chronologically, we consider their birth periods:

• Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
• Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937)
• Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971)
• Robert W. Cox (1926–2018)

1. Immanuel Kant

• Democratic Peace / Perpetual Peace
• Argued that republican (democratic) states, international law, and cooperation can lead to lasting peace
• Emphasized cosmopolitanism and moral politics in IR

2. Antonio Gramsci

• Hegemony
• Ruling class maintains power not just by force, but by consent through culture and ideology
• Concept of civil society as a site of power struggle

3. Reinhold Niebuhr

• Christian Realism
• Humans are inherently flawed → politics is driven by power and self-interest
• Moral ideals are important but cannot fully govern international politics

4. Robert W. Cox

• Critical Theory in International Relations
• Famous line: “Theory is always for someone and for some purpose”
• Focus on historical structures, power, and global political economy
• Neo-Gramscian analysis of hegemony at the global level

In short:

• Kant → Peace through democracy and law
• Gramsci → Hegemony and ideological control
• Niebuhr → Moral limits + realism (power politics)
• Cox → Critical theory and global hegemony

Michael Doyle is a prominent international relations scholar known for his work on the democratic peace theory, which draws heavily on the ideas of Immanuel Kant. Doyle's interpretation of Kant's philosophy, particularly from Kant's essay "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch," has been influential in the field of international relations.

Kant proposed that democratic states, or what he called "republican" states, are less likely to go to war with each other due to mutual respect for shared values and the accountability of leaders to their citizens. Doyle expanded on this idea, providing empirical evidence and theoretical arguments to support the claim that democracies are more peaceful in their relations with one another, a concept now widely known as the democratic peace theory. Doyle's work has helped to shape contemporary understanding of the relationship between democracy and peace in the international system.